Threads and fibers of different origin are considered as artifacts sample preparation metallographic sections, well samples some materials. The role various methods optical contrasting – dark‑field illumination, polarized light in the analysis paper, natural artificial is illustrated. presented materials can be used by scientists to identify errors preparation, describe non‑traditional objects.

Autophagy is a fundamental and phylogenetically conserved self-degradation process that is characterized by the formation of double-layered vesicles (autophagosomes) around intracellular cargo for delivery to lysosomes and proteolytic degradation. The increasing significance attached to autophagy in development and disease in higher eukaryotes has placed greater importance on the validation of ...

This paper introduces the notion of artifact as a first-class abstraction in MASs (multi-agent systems) and focuses on its impact onion in MASs (multi-agent systems) and focuses on its impact on MAS programming. Artifacts are runtime devices providing some kind of function or service which agents can fruitfully use – both individually and collectively – to achieve their individual as well as so...

The extractions of different types of artifacts are required from the source code for different maintenance activities. This paper describes a lexically based Regular Extraction Technique (RET) adapted to extract the artifacts from a wide variety of source codes to support the reverse engineering process. The technique uses the pattern specification language to specify the artifacts construct t...

Step-wise refinement is a powerful paradigm for developing a complex program from a simple program by adding features incrementally where each feature is an increment in program functionality. Existing works focus on object-oriented representations such as Java or C++ artifacts. For this paradigm to be brought to the Web, refinement should be realised for XML representations. This paper elabora...

The support for traceability between requirement specifications has been recognised as an important task in the development life-cycle of software systems. In this paper we present an approach for automatic generation and maintenance of bi-directional traceability relations between commercial and functional requirements expressed in natural language, and requirement object models. The generatio...

Reverse engineering produces a high-level representation of a software system from a low-level one. This paper describes a methodology for reverse engineering that recovers the design artifacts of a software system from its source code and related documentation. The methodology consists of five phases, which can be attempted at different levels of abstraction. The methodology also makes use of ...