This paper revisits the problem of estimating ex ante cost functions previously studied by Pope and Just (1996) and Moschini (2001). An ex ante cost function that generalizes their ex ante cost functions is introduced, and an econometric procedure for estimating a flexible approximation to it is developed. That generalized cost function is economically relevant not only for the Just and Pope (1...

After specific activation by antigen, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells under the influence of a variety of factors (iymphokines) secreted by inducer/helper T cells (1-3). It is not yet clear how many lymphokines are specific for B cells but one, IL-2, has been shown to bind to both activated B cells and activated T cells (4-7), suggesting that at least one lymphokine r...

With the death of A. W. Prichard, on January 13th, another old landmark of the medical profession in the West of England passed away. Born at the " Red Lodge," Park Row, Bristol, seventy-three years ago, he took a great deal of interest in this house, and during his life enriched its collection of old Bristol valuables by several gifts. He was the son of Augustin Prichard, a prominent surgeon o...

We establish hardness versus randomness trade-oos for Arthur-Merlin games. We create eecient nondeterministic simulations of bounded round Arthur-Merlin games, using a language in exponential time which small circuits cannot decide given access to an oracle for satissability. Our results yield subexponential size proofs for graph nonisomorphism at innnitely many lengths unless the polynomial-ti...

Article history: Received 31 July 2013 Available online 12 December 2014

Dr. Askins was born in Clonmore, County Carlcw, Ireland, in 1880. He received his medical education at Trinity College, Dublin, and graduated M.B., Ch.B., B.A.O., at Dublin University in 1907 (First Class Honourman and First Place Final Medical Examination). Later he gained the Cambridge Diploma in Public Health and the degrees of M.A. and M.D. at Dublin University. He was also a barrister-at-l...

As in the case of BPP, we can reduce the error probability of any MA protocol to be less than an inverse exponential in the input size. Here’s how. Let L ∈ MA be any language. Let R(x, y, z) be a polytime relation for L such that, for every x ∈ L, there is a y with Prz[R(x, y, z) = 1] ≥ 3/4; and for every x 6∈ L, for every y, it holds that Prz[R(x, y, z) = 1] ≤ 1/4. Consider a new protocol wher...

Mary Frances Lyon Mary Lyon was one of the most notable geneticists of the 20th century. She is renowned for her discovery of X inactivation, an early example of epigenetic gene regulation, but she alsomade fundamental contributions to the entire field of genetics. Mary was born on May 15, 1925 in Norwich, in the rural east of the United Kingdom. She was the first child of Clifford James Lyon, ...

V ictor L. Klee passed away on August 17, 2007, in Lakewood, Ohio. Born in San Francisco in 1925, he received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Virginia in 1949. In 1953 he moved to the University of Washington in Seattle, where he was a faculty member for 54 years. Klee specialized in convex sets, functional analysis, analysis of algorithms, optimization, and combinatorics, writi...