One of the conclusions from this study is that 85% of the patients were hospitalized. According to the medical literature and to recent clinical studies conducted in the field most of the patients with cutaneous anthrax did not present with systemic manifestations, thus did not need to be hospitalized. Most of them were taken care of in the outpatient clinics. Another conclusion is that 100% of...

We assessed spatial and temporal changes in the occurrence of human anthrax in Azerbaijan during 1984 through 2010. Data on livestock outbreaks, vaccination efforts, and human anthrax incidence during Soviet governance, post-Soviet governance, preemptive livestock vaccination were analyzed. To evaluate changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of anthrax, we used a combination of spatial anal...

BACKGROUND A report of an anthrax outbreak was received at Gokwe district hospital from the Veterinary department on the 23(rd) January 2007. This study was therefore conducted to determine risk factors for contracting anthrax amongst residents of Kuwirirana ward. METHODS We conducted a 1:1 unmatched case control study. A case was any person in Kuwirirana ward who developed a disease which ma...

PURPOSE To evaluate the health status of Gulf War veterans who reported receipt of anthrax vaccination and a small group of Gulf War veterans for whom documentation of anthrax vaccination exists. METHODS Among the 11,441 Gulf War veterans who completed a health survey, 4601 reported receiving the anthrax vaccine during the war; 2979 veterans reported not receiving it; 3861 were uncertain. Als...

The use of anthrax as a weapon of biological terrorism has moved from theory to reality in recent weeks. Following processing of a letter containing anthrax spores that had been mailed to a US senator, 5 cases of inhalational anthrax have occurred among postal workers employed at a major postal facility in Washington, DC. This report details the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and ini...

Vascular dysfunction has been reported in human cases of anthrax, in mammalian models of Bacillus anthracis, and in animals injected with anthrax toxin proteins. To examine anthrax lethal toxin effects on intact blood vessels, we developed a zebrafish model that permits in vivo imaging and evaluation of vasculature and cardiovascular function. Vascular defects monitored in hundreds of embryos e...

1. Vijaikumar M, Thappa DM, Karthikeyan K. Cutaneous anthrax: an endemic outbreak in south India. J Trop Pediatr. 2002;48:225–6. DOI: 10.1093/ tropej/48.4.225 2. Bhat P, Mohan DN, Srinivasa H. Intestinal anthrax with bacteriological investigations. J Infect Dis. 1985;152:1357–8. 3. Chandramukhi A, Shankar P, Rao TV, Sundararajan S, Swamy HS. Acute leptomeningitis due to Bacillus anthracis. A ca...

The principal portal for anthrax infection in natural animal outbreaks is the digestive tract. Enteric exposure to anthrax, which is difficult to detect or prevent in a timely manner, could be exploited as an act of terror through contamination of human or animal food. Our group has developed a novel animal model of gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax for evaluation of disease pathogenesis and experi...

1046-5928/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Inc. A doi:10.1016/j.pep.2009.09.016 * Corresponding author. Fax: +1 215 503 6795. E-mail address: [email protected] (M 1 Two authors contributed equally. 2 Abbreviations used: PA, protective antigen; ATR/C capillary morphogenesis protein 2; VWA, the von Wil fragment of human immunoglobulin. Mass vaccination against anthrax with existing vac...