The objectives of the review are to highlight the clinical characteristics of the patient population; to assess multivariate risk factor analysis and the invasive/non-invasive techniques available for risk factor identification and management in this high-risk surgical population; to assess the major hemodynamic, metabolic, and regional blood flow changes associated with aortic cross-clamping/u...

The management of children with craniosynostosis is multidisciplinary and has evolved significantly over the past five decades. The treatment is primarily surgical. The anesthetic challenges continue to be the management of massive blood transfusion and prolonged anesthesia in small children, often further complicated by syndrome-specific issues. This two-part review aims to provide an overview...

Improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital disorders have resulted in a change in surgical practice. Many conditions that formerly required corrective surgery immediately after birth are no longer surgical emergencies. Most babies with congenital anomalies that can be corrected by surgery are now stabilized and optimized before the procedure. This article focused on the more comm...

Regional anesthesia is being administered to an increasing number of infants and children, and there is a growing body of literature regarding age-related differences in local anesthetic pharmacology and toxicology, and in clinical application of various regional anesthetic techniques in pediatrics. This lecture will review some aspects of the basic, translational and clinical science of region...

Introduction The phrase “balanced anesthesia” originated from the coadministration of drugs to produce an “ideal” anesthetic state. Today the ideal anesthetic state implies adequate hypnosis, analgesia, muscle relaxation, and relief from stress. The last of these attributes, relief from stress, has been the focus of several investigations conducted in horses in order to determine the magnitude ...

Cardiac surgery is associated with the development of a systemic inflammatory response. The cytokine response in cardiac surgery patients is well explained and is dominated by the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). The release of these cytokines has been related to the d...

scans. We have not found any studies of MRI-induced injury to healthcare personnel from long-term exposure to EMFs or any studies correlating exposure levels to disease. Anesthesia personnel who provide limited or occasional care in the MRI environment run a risk of exposure to EMFs. Anesthesia providers should carefully consider their anesthetic technique to minimize the time spent in the MRI ...

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) required for cardiac surgery presents unique challenges to the cardiac anesthesiologist responsible for providing the 3 most basic facets of any anesthetic: amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. Unique pathophysiologic changes during CPB result in pharmacokinetic alterations that impact the serum and tissue concentrations of IV and volatile anesthetics. Similar...