The illegal trade in elephant ivory is driving the unlawful killing of elephants such that populations are now suffering unsustainable reductions. The internet is increasingly being used as a platform to conduct illegal wildlife trade, including elephant ivory. As a globally accessible medium the internet is as highly attractive to those involved in the illegal trade as it is challenging to reg...

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Among non-oil exports and in trade arena, drug has always been strategic importance and most government especially industrialized countries pay special attention to its production and trade issues. Thus, having a comprehensive view from economic perspective to this section is essential for suggesting intervention. This was a descriptive-analytical and panel study. In this study, gravity model i...

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of several indices of market structure including entry to barrier, economies of scale and concentration degree on 140 active industries using the digit. Accordingly, we apply three methods including cost disadvantages ratio ( ), Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index ( ) and Comanor and Willson criterion in order to assess the economies of scale and usin...

  The paper uses economic and energy data analysis and econometric modeling to study the prospects and challenges of Korea’s 2003 FTA Roadmap (MOFAT 2013) in the form of potential comprehensive partnerships with its major trade and energy partners. It first reviews Korea’s international economic and trade relations in recent years with a focus on its major merchandise export destinations an...

Anshuman has documented the use of the vowel signs for ai and au as secondary vowel markers for diphthongs. Conceptually, they are used “in addition to” the vowel markers for the basic vowel signs since obviously the vowel they denote comes in second place. Thus in encoding all these diphthongs, Anshuman suggests the placement of the secondary vowel marker after the representation of the primar...

Hub-and-Spoke Free Trade Areas* This paper analyzes how the sequential formation of free trade areas affects the volume of trade between member countries. In a three--country, three-good model, if two countries have a free trade area, and both sign a similar agreement with the third, trade between the two decreases, and welfare rises in both. However, if only one of them signs an FTA with the t...

abstract on 6 december 2006, australia and korea announced a joint study on a possible australia-korea free trade agreement (akfta) to promote trade and economic relations between the two countries. the paper provides empirical evidence on the possible gains and their transmission mechanism from this agreement. significantly, it uses a new economic policy modelling approach, the endogenous grav...