within communicative, interactive, and learner-centered framework of language teaching and learning, students need to learn four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing for their educational success. but of all the language skills, reading enjoys a paramount significance in so many second or foreign language academic contexts. in spite of its importance, language learners still have...

many mobile and off-grid devices include electronics and other electrical consumers like servo drives, which need a quite low supply power. since the price for photovoltaic modules drops continuously, photovoltaic power supply is interesting in more and more applications. in solar powered systems, a battery is needed to store energy for the night and cloudy periods. the power electronics of suc...

acknowledgements i wish to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me in preparing this thesis. i would like to express my deep gratitude to my respected advisor dr. kourosh akef, whose advice and comments helped me in the early stages of the research and throughout the writing process. i would also like to express my gratitude to dr. hajar khanmohammad whose invaluable guidance he...

امروزه به دلیل رشد فزاینده ظرفیت و پهنای باند شبکه های مخابرات نوری و مطرح شدن کامپیوترهای تمام نوری، پردازش تمام نوری سیگنال مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. تقویت کننده نوری نیمه هادی به دلیل داشتن خاصیت غیرخطی جایگاه خود را در ساخت سوئیچ های نوری یافته است. گیت های منطقی یکی از بلوک های اصلی سازنده پردازشگرهای دیجیتال می باشند که برای پیاده سازی توابع منطقی و محاسباتی از آنها استفاده می شود. ادوات ...