the concept of casualty or the causal argument is a concept that draws attention of the philosophers over the time. among those who consider the causal argument is thomas aquinas, a famous philosopher of the scholastic era. among contemporary muslim philosophers, allameh mohammad hossein tabatabaee, has also worked on this concept. the aim of the paper is to study around the concept of casualty...

Several paradigms exist for modeling causal graphical models for discrete variables that can handle latent variables without explicitly modeling them quantitatively. Applying them to a problem domain consists of different steps: structure learning, parameter learning and using them for probabilistic or causal inference. We discuss two well-known formalisms, namely semi-Markovian causal models a...

Measurement error in the observed values of the variables can greatly change the output of various causal discovery methods. This problem has received much attention in multiple fields, but it is not clear to what extent the causal model for the measurement-error-free variables can be identified in the presence of measurement error with unknown variance. In this paper, we study precise sufficie...

We conjecture that the worst case number of experiments necessary and sufficient to discover a causal graph uniquely given its observational Markov equivalence class can be specified as a function of the largest clique in the Markov equivalence class. We provide an algorithm that computes intervention sets that we believe are optimal for the above task. The algorithm builds on insights gained f...

In (Béziau 2001), Béziau provides a means by which Gentzen’s sequent calculus can be combined with the general semantic theory of bivaluations. In doing so, according to Béziau, it is possible to construe the abstract ‘‘core’’ of logics in general, where logical syntax and semantics are ‘‘two sides of the same coin’’. The central suggestion there is that, by way of a modification of the notion ...

Multirate systems are abundant in industry. In this paper, the problem studied is designing a residual generator for fault detection based on multirate sampled data. The key new feature of such a residual generator is that it operates at a fast rate for prompt fault detection. The design is based on optimizing a performance index to obtain an optimal parity space based residual generator. The l...

Newsome ((2003). The debate between current versions of covariation and mechanism approaches to causal inference. Philosophical Psychology, 16, 87–107.) recently published a critical review of psychological theories of human causal inference. In that review, he characterized covariation and mechanism theories, the two dominant theory types, as competing, and offered possible ways to integrate t...

In online advertising, one of the central questions of ad campaign assessment is whether the ad truly adds values to the advertisers. To measure the incremental effect of ads, the ratio of the success rates of the users who were and who were not exposed to ads is usually calculated to represent ad effectiveness. Many existing campaigns simply target the users with high predicted success (e.g. p...