The analgesic effect of subanaesthetic concentrations of ether, trichloroethylene, methoxyflurane and halothane has been investigated previously using either clinical assessment or pain threshold measurements, but with conflicting results. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of isoflurane using experimental pain models. We studied 12 healthy volunteers at three...

cal Hazards, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo. The mechanism of the development of tolerance to and of physical dependence on morphine has been examined from a wide range of aspects. One of the approaches is to investigate the participation of brain biogenic amines in the actions of morphine. In 1954 Vogt (1) found a reduction of the content of hypothala...

Gene targeting was used to delete exon 2 of mouse DOR-1, which encodes the delta opioid receptor. Essentially all 3H-[D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (3H-DPDPE) and 3H-[D-Ala2,D-Glu4]deltorphin (3H-deltorphin-2) binding is absent from mutant mice, demonstrating that DOR-1 encodes both delta1 and delta2 receptor subtypes. Homozygous mutant mice display markedly reduced spinal delta analgesia, but pepti...

Anesthesiology, V 124 • No 2 483 February 2016 O PIOIDS are highly effective analgesics and as such form the mainstay of pain management after surgery. However, they are associated with a formidable array of side effects, some of them potentially lethal. Also, the opioid signaling system has a remarkable ability—possibly unequaled by any other receptor system...

The chronic use of opioids in humans, accompanied by the development of tolerance, is a dangerous phenomenon in its own right. However, chronic opioid use is often made more dangerous by the coconsumption of other substances. It has been observed that the blood level of opioids in postmortem analyses of addicts, who consumed ethanol along with the opioid, was much less than that observed in ind...

Previous experiments have shown that mice lacking a functional delta-opioid receptor (DOR-1) gene do not develop analgesic tolerance to morphine. Here we report that mice lacking a functional gene for the endogenous ligand preproenkephalin (ppENK) show a similar tolerance deficit. In addition, we found that the DOR-1 and ppENK knock-outs as well as the NMDA receptor-deficient 129S6 inbred mouse...

Tolerance that develops after chronic morphine exposure has been proposed to be an adaptive response that develops and decays over a defined time course. The present study examined the development of tolerance to the acute hypothermic and analgesic effects of morphine and correlated the time course for the desensitization in vivo with the reduced responsiveness to DAMGO and 2-CADO and increased...

Study selection Studies were selected if they were randomised controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of recorded music compared with a control intervention in adult patients in a hospital setting. At least 1 of the following outcomes had to be reported: anxiety, pain, satisfaction, vital signs, analgesic use, sedation use, tolerance, mood, or length of stay. Studies with poor methodolog...

This study was designed to: (a) investigate the effectiveness of hypnotically suggested analgesia and pleasant imagery conditions in modifying the tolerance of an increasingly intense electrical stimulus, (6) determine the feasibility of increasing analgesic effects by a combination of these conditions (analgesia plus pleasant imagery), (c) explore the hypothesis that 6s with highest levels of ...