The average annual inflation-adjusted amount paid out through dividends and repurchases by public industrial firms is more than three times larger from 2000 to 2019 1971 1999. We find that an increase in aggregate corporate income accounts for 37% of the payouts, payout rate 63%. Firms have higher rates 2000s not only because they are older, larger, free cash flow, but also pay their flow. Thou...

Learning actors' leverage for change along the journey to sustainability requires quantifying the component forces of environmental impact and integrating them. Population, income, consumers' behavior, and producers' efficiency jointly force impact. Here, we renovate the "IPAT Identity" to identify actors with the forces. Forcing impact I are P for population, A for income as gross domestic pro...

the air in tehran is one of the most polluted airs in the entire world. because of the air pollution in the great tehran area, morbidity, mortality and symptoms emerge. this study has been conducted for the first time in iran. according to this study the total annual direct medical costs of morbidity estimated at us$ 3258255.48.our work also led to the estimation of an income elasticity of wtp ...

Much macroeconomic research hypothesizes income distribution to play an important role for economic growth, as inequality shapes the process of development through its interaction with credit market imperfections or the political economy. However, the nature of this research remains conjectural, and all hitherto available evidence comes from correlations. As a consequence, little is known empir...

Introduction: Due to the rapid development of technology and growth of economic activities in recent years, the use of electrical and electronic devices has increased dramatically, which is contributed to the proliferation of waste generated by these e-waste (Electric and Electronic waste) products. Materials and Methods: In this study, the status of e-waste in Dezful city in 2017 was studied....

A replicated randomized block trial was conducted to determine the response of Holstein cows rotationally grazing annual ryegrass-Crimson clover pasture to supplemental concentrate. Within each of 2 yr, 16 Holstein cows were assigned to one of four blocks by energy-corrected milk yield, days in milk, and parity. Treatments included one of four levels of concentrate based on the following grain ...

Welfare states redistribute both between individuals (inter-individual redistribution) reducing annual, cross-sectional inequality and over the lifecycle of an individual (intra-individual redistribution) insuring individuals against income risks in the long-term. But studies measuring redistribution often focus on a one-year period and the second aspect is neglected. To quantify both interand ...

53 Abstract Policymakers are beginning to appreciate the efficiency properties of pollution taxes, but concerns over equity remain. In this paper, we assess the distributional aspects of three types of emissions fees for vehicles—a fee based on total annual emissions; a fee based on emissions rates, in grams per mile; and a fee based on annual vehicle mileage—and we compare the impacts of fees ...

The Office of Research and Statistics, under a contract with Urban Systems Research and Engineering, Inc., performed a national personal survey of blind and disabled children receiving supplemental security income (SSI) benefits. The purpose of the survey was to provide descriptive characteristics of the children and their families as well as assess SSI's effect on them. The survey has provided...

Empirical research suggests that the cognitively able are politically more influential than the less able, by being more likely to vote and to assume leadership positions. This study asks whether this pattern matters for public policy by investigating what role a person's cognitive ability plays in determining his preferences for redistribution of income among citizens in society. To answer thi...