Nonpoint-source pollution from agricultural activities is currently the leading cause of degradation of waterways in the United States. Applying best management practices to flood-irrigated mountain meadows may improve agricultural runoff and return flow water quality. Prior research has focused on fertilizer use for increased hay yields, while few studies have investigated the environmental im...

A range of novel, moisture-stable, Lewis-acidic ionic liquids has been prepared by mixing appropriate molar ratios of MCl2 (M = Zn and/or Sn) and quaternary ammonium salts of formula [Me3NC2H4Y]Cl (Y = OH, Cl, OC(O)Me, OC(O)Ph); the influence of substituent Y and metal M on the physical properties of the melts has been investigated.

Elstar apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on M.9 rootstock received either 5 or 35 g N tree(-1) year(-1) during the first two growing seasons after planting, applied as Ca(NO(3))(2) on a daily basis for nine weeks through a drip irrigation system. During the third growing season (1994), all trees were treated with 20 g N tree(-1) year(-1) as (15)NH(4) (15)NO(3) with applications starting on A...

The redetermined, low temperature (150 K), structure of tetra-n-butyl-ammonium bromide, (C(4)H(9))(4)N(+)·Br(-), has been found to be merohedrally twinned via twin law -1 0 0, 0 - 1 0, 1 0 1. The structure was previously determined, with low precision, no inclusion of H atoms and only the bromide ion refined with anisotropic displacement parameters, by Wang et al. (1995 ▶). Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cry...

The worsening of groundwater quality is a huge problem for some regions, especially where a karst aquifer system is the most important water resource because of the deficiency of a well-developed superficial water supply. In this study the chemical quality of a deep aquifer of the Salento peninsula (Southern Italy), where a shallow aquifer and an extensive deep aquifer are exploited as a source...

The white-rot fungi produce wide range of extracellular enzymes (especially ligninolytic enzymes) and they can degrade complicated and difficult degradable compounds. An immobilization of enzymes causes their stability, reusability and cheapness, so they could be effectively used in biotechnologies and other branches. In this work we focused on the optimization of isolation procedure namely pre...

Although the hydrogen-bonding ability of the α hydrogen atoms on tetraalkylammonium salts is often discussed with respect to phase-transfer catalysts, catalysis that utilizes the hydrogen-bond-donor properties of tetraalkylammonium salts remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrate hydrogen-bonding catalysis with newly designed tetraalkylammonium salt catalysts in Mannich-type reactions. The structu...

Poliovirus protease 3C is a cysteine enzyme that is essential for the processing of the viral precursor polyprotein containing structural proteins and enzymes, including the protease itself. We have constructed the plasmid pSD/PV3C which produced protease 3C as inclusion bodies when expressed in Escherichia coli. In addition to the full-length protease, a truncated form was also generated, star...

We have developed a method where, after glutaraldehyde fixation, human hair shafts and insect cuticles are treated with ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) to improve ultrastructural staining. Conventional transmission electron microscopic (TEM) preparations do not distinguish the A-layer and the exocuticles of hair shafts. However, after ATG treatment, the A-layer appears in higher contrast. ATG trea...

Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) provides a key opportunity for achieving tremendous benefits of utilizing rice straw as cellulosic biomass. Out of total 80 microbial isolates from different ecological niches one bacterial strain, identified as Bacillus sp. 313SI, was selected for CMCase production under stationary as well as shaking conditions of growth. During two-stage pretreatment, rice str...