Congenital penile anomalies (CPAs) are among the most common human birth defects. Reports of CPAs, which include hypospadias, chordee, micropenis, and ambiguous genitalia, have risen sharply in recent decades, but the causes of these malformations are rarely identified. Both genetic anomalies and environmental factors, such as antiandrogenic and estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs),...

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder commonly caused by mutation of the CYP21A2 gene, resulting in deficiency enzyme required for cortisol synthesis cortex. In 90-95% cases, deficient 21-hydroxylase (21-OH), with incidence ranging from 1 5,000 to 15,000 live births across various ethnic and racial backgrounds. classical 21-OH (21-OHD) CAH, excessive androgen e...

The breadth of anatomical and functional diversity among amniote external genitalia has led to uncertainty about the evolutionary origins of the phallus. In several lineages, including the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, adults lack an intromittent phallus, raising the possibility that the amniote ancestor lacked external genitalia and reproduced using cloacal apposition. Accordingly, a phallus m...

Abstract Introduction External genitalia are considered to be ambiguous whenever there is difficulty assigning gender a child based on the appearance of external genitalia. It common presentation Disorders Sexual Development (DSD). Objective Reported here case 22year old single undergraduate identified as female who had disorder sexual development with resulting from congenital adrenal hyperpla...