Current inductive learning systems are not well suited to learning from ambiguous examples. We say that an example is ambiguous if it has multiple interpretations, only one of which may be valid. Some domains in which ambiguous learning problems can be found are natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision. An example of an ambiguous training instance with two interpretations is shown ...

Intersex disorders are rare congenital malformations with over 80% being diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). It can be challenging to determine the correct gender at birth and a detailed understanding of the embryology and anatomy is crucial. The birth of a child with intersex is a true emergency situation and an immediate transfer to a medical center familiar with the diagnosi...

Ambiguous propositions are analyzed in a type system where disambiguation is effected during assembly (i.e. by coercion). Ambiguity is introduced through a layer of types that are underspecified relative to a pre-existing collection of dependent types, construed as unambiguous propositions. A simple system of reasoning directly with such underspecification is described, and shown to be sound an...

We present a theory of interactive beliefs analogous to Mertens and Zamir [31] and Brandenburger and Dekel [10] that allows for hierarchies of ambiguity. Each agent is allowed a compact set of beliefs at each level, rather than just a single belief as in the standard model. We propose appropriate definitions of coherency and common knowledge for our types. Common knowledge of coherency closes t...

According to both economic and sociological theory, a couple's divorce rate may be influenced by their own educational attainment, that of their parents, and whether they have taken further education after marriage, although predictions are ambiguous. However, these three variables have never been included simultaneously and few studies have included both partners' characteristics. A discrete-t...

3. Animal knowledge is essentially apt belief, to be distinguished from the more demanding reflective knowledge. This is not to say that the word ‘knows’ is ambiguous. Maybe it is, but distinguishing a kind of knowledge as “animal” knowledge requires no commitment to that linguistic thesis. Indeed it requires no definition of the word ‘knows’ at all. One might take this to be primitive and stil...

A field experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that the stare may function as a stimulus either to approach or to avoidance, depending on the context. In a. 2X2 bystander intervention paradigm, the nature of the victim's plight and the appropriate remedy were either clear or ambiguous, and the victim either stared at the subject or did not. The hypothesis was confirmed: There was no ma...

Listeners use their lexical knowledge to interpret ambiguous sounds, and retune their phonetic categories to include this ambiguous sound. Although there is ample evidence for lexically-guided retuning, the adaptation process is not fully understood. Using a lexical decision task with an embedded auditory semantic priming task, the present study investigates whether words containing an ambiguou...

Traditional approaches to object detection only look at local pieces of the image, whether it be within a sliding window or the regions around an interest point detector. However, such local pieces can be ambiguous, especially when the object of interest is small, or imaging conditions are otherwise unfavorable. This ambiguity can be reduced by using global features of the image — which we call...