activated macrophages have been classified into classical (m1) and alternative (m2) macrophages. we aimed to establish a method to yield enough number of macrophages to analyze their molecular, biological and immunological functions. we used drugs; adjuvant albumin from chicken egg whites—imject alum (ova- alum) and ova complete freund adjuvant (ova-cfa), to induce macrophages to m2 and m1 resp...

Single-component adjuvant is prone to eliciting a specific type of Th1 or Th2 response. So, the development of combinatorial adjuvants inducing a robust mixed Th1/Th2 response is a promising vaccination strategy against cancer. Here, we describe a novel combination of aluminum salts (alum), CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) and innate defense regulator peptide HH2 for improving anti-tumor immune r...

This study examined a novel reuse of alum sludge, an inescapable by-product of drinking water treatment process when aluminium salt is added as a coagulant, as the main medium in a laboratory-scale multi-stage constructed wetland (CW) system for reject water treatment. Such reject water is a main concern in municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) for increasing the organic and nutrient loa...

AIM The balance between T helper cell subsets is an important regulator of the immune system and is often examined after immune therapies. We aimed to study the immunomodulatory effect of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 formulated with aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum) in children with Type 1 diabetes, focusing on chemokines and their receptors. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 70 ...

PURPOSE Since the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus has been a seasonal flu which still poses great human health concerns worldwide, vaccination would be considered as the most effective strategy to control the influenza virus spreading. Here, we assessed adjuvant efficacy of modified outer membrane vesicle (mOMV) towards the pandemic H1N1 split antigen. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this study, mice we...

Over 1.1 billion people in the world lack access to improved drinking water. Diarrhoeal and other waterborne diseases cause an estimated 1.87 million deaths per year. The Safe Water System (SWS) is a household water treatment intervention that reduces diarrhoeal disease incidence among users in developing countries. Turbid waters pose a particular challenge to implementation of SWS programmes; ...

The dehydration-rehydration vesicle (DRV) method was used to encapsulate hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) liposomes giving entrapment values of 31.7% and 33.1% respectively. A comparison of antibody levels, as determined by ELISA, in the primary and secondary immune responses in mice immunized twice with 1 microgram HBsAg ...

Microcrystalline Tyrosine (MCT®) is a widely used proprietary depot excipient in specific immunotherapy for allergy. In the current study we assessed the potential of MCT to serve as an adjuvant in the development of a vaccine against malaria. To this end, we formulated the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of P. vivax in MCT and compared the induced immune responses to CSP formulated in PBS or Al...

The study was carried out at the poultry unit of Department Animal Science teaching and research farm, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria to determine Chemical Microbial Analysis Poultry Litter Treated with Graded Levels Aluminium sulphate (Alum). alum used obtained from Sabon-garimarket in Zaria, Kaduna State. (alum) applied wood shavings by mixing it thoroughly using hands covered hand gloves. ra...

Abstract From the mid-1800s to late 1960s, conservation by alum salts (KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ·12H O—potassium aluminium sulphate), using various recipes, was a common method prevent shrinkage and strengthen waterlogged archaeological wooden objects. This mainly used in Scandinavia. The appears have also been applied highly degraded wood other countries, for example U.S Germany. Today, many of objects tr...