Abstract The monumental work of Olov Hedberg provided deep insights into the spectacular and fragmented tropical alpine flora African sky islands. Here we review recent molecular niche modelling studies re-examine Hedberg’s hypotheses conclusions. Colonisation started when mountain uplift established harsh diurnal climate with nightly frosts, accelerated throughout last 5 Myr (Plio-Pleistocene)...

Abstract Traditionally managed mesotrophic species‐rich upland hay meadows conforming to the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) MG3b are one of rarest grassland types in United Kingdom, with substantial declines botanical diversity over last 50 years. Intensive spring grazing, earlier cut dates and increases soil fertility cause a decline characteristic positive indicator species meadows,...

This paper presents lessons learned during the development of NASA's Systems Test and Operations Language (STOL) Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), being developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center with support by Carlow Associates Incorporated and Computer Sciences Corporation. The purpose of the intelligent tutor is to train STOL users by adapting tutoring based on inferred student strength...

Tryptophan has been widely used as a probe of protein environment and dynamics. Proper interpretation of the experimental results requires a detailed understanding of tryptophyl photoprocesses, so much effort has been made to understand the fluorescence decay of zwitterionic tryptophan. For a review of these efforts, see ref. [l] . It is now well established that the fluorescence decay of trypt...

Abstract
 Aim of study: was to determine the vascular flora Ormanüstü Planning Unit (Karadeniz Technical University Education-Research and Application Forest). 
 Area The research area is under influence Euro-Siberian phytogeographical region represented with a high rate (44%, 288 taxa). Irano-Turanian Mediterranean elements are by 26 (4%) 22 taxa (3%), respectively. Totally 320 (49%)...

In this paper, we extend the construction of a fuzzy subgroup generated by a fuzzy subset to $L$-setting. This construction is illustrated by an example. We also prove that for an $L$-subset of a group, the subgroup generated by its level subset is the level subset of the subgroup generated by that $L$-subset provided the given $L$-subset possesses sup-property.