The bacterial flora of the normal urethra, especially anaerobic flora, has been poorly documented. In this paper the aerobic and anaerobic flora of the normal urethra was studied. Aerobes were isolated in 100% of 178 urethras. 21 % of the aerobes were gram negative bacilli. Anaerobes were isolated in 48% of 100 male urethras and 45% of 78 female urethras. Multiple strains of anaerobes were foun...

Three commercial blood culture media were compared with a freshly prepared cooked meat medium in tests to stimulate the recovery of small inocula of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in routine blood cultures. The cooked meat medium gave the most reliable recovery and supported continued viability, whilst Fastidious Anaerobe Broth (LAB M) was a good alternative. Results with Southern Group thiogly...

To probe the earliest evolutionary events attending the origin of the five known genome types (archaebacterial, eubacterial, nuclear, mitochondrial and plastid), we have analyzed sequences corresponding to a ubiquitous, highly conserved core of secondary structure in small subunit rRNA. Our results support (i) the existence of three primary lineages (archaebacterial, eubacterial, and nuclear), ...

Both plant and animal materials have been utilized in the cultivation of members of the Genus Clostridium, chiefly in the form of mashes and infusions (McClung and McCoy, 1934, and Castell, 1942). Thioglycollate broth, introduced by Brewer in 1940, was the first light, transparent medium capable of growing clostridia without anaerobic jars, which could be stored for weeks and used without prehe...

The dynamics of the developmental bacterial community in the Japanese neonatal gastrointestinal tract were examined by monitoring 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) diversity in fecal samples by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results showed a certain pattern common in infants without antibiotic treatment, in which aerobes, e.g., Pseudomonas, appeared first and were then ...

Cell-free extracts of a facultative methylotroph and strict aerobe, Protaminobacter ruber, could catalyze formation of beta-methylaspartate from glutamate. beta-Methylaspartate formed was further converted to mesaconate. From these results, it was found that the cells of P. ruber contained a sequential reaction system of glutamate mutase and beta-methylaspartase. The level of glutamate mutase a...

Since its introduction from North America, Dendroctonus valens LeConte has become a destructive forest pest in China. Although gut aerobic bacteria have been investigated and some are implicated in beetle pheromone production, little is known about the abundance and significance of facultative anaerobic bacteria in beetle gut, especially with regards to effects of oxygen on their role in pherom...

One hundred and forty-eight isolates of bacteria from 20 intraoral odontogenic abscesses were tested for their susceptibility to spiramycin and metronidazole alone or in combination. All isolates, except Rothia spp. (one), Enterococcus avium (three), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (one) and Staphylococcus aureus (one) were sensitive to spiramycin and/or metronidazole. Among the anaerobes, spiramyci...

That some species of Clostridia elaborate proteolytic enzymes has been known since the earliest days of bacteriology (1-3). Indeed, it was soon realized that such organisms were unusually active in this respect and played a major part in the natural processes of putrefaction (4-8). Yet neither these studies nor the much more detailed chemical investigations undertaken during and shortly after W...

Bacterial response to increasing amounts of the volatile oils varies significantly according to species of bacteria tested. Among the four species examined, Escherichia coli was the most resistant to the oils, followed by Neisseria sicca, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The oils of Artemisia tridentata seem to have the same degree of antibacterial action as oils obtained from A. n...