Autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) such as Rett syndrome and Asperger syndromeare enigmatic and complex neurodevelopmental disorders, thought to have originated inparticular interactions of genetic and environmental factors. Despite the extensive research,exact mechanism of pathogenesis is not still completely understood. ASDs are characterizedby deficits and abnormalities in communica...

The circadian rhythm is an endogenous process that has a periodicity of approximately 24 hours and stimulates the anticipation repeated regular events occur daily, enabling regulation most major physiological systems in humans animals. Thus, studies have shown disruption sleep frequent cause series pathologies for general population, including pregnant women their fetus. purpose this article to...

The uneven cognitive phenotype in the adult outcome of Williams syndrome has led some researchers to make strong claims about the modularity of the brain and the purported genetically determined, innate specification of cognitive modules. Such arguments have particularly been marshaled with respect to language. We challenge this direct generalization from adult phenotypic outcomes to genetic sp...

Introduction: Why build models of developmental disorders? A six-year-old child is given a vocabulary test where he has to name pictures of objects. He scores poorly, and makes mistakes such as naming a picture of a guitar as a 'piano'. One explanation of the child's difficulty is that he has impoverished semantic (meaning) representations. Another child has problems reading words out loud, esp...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review considers the role of neuroimaging in developmental disorders by highlighting recent studies in two distinct, but overlapping, developmental disorders: autism and fragile X syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS After a decade of conflicting results in neuroimaging studies of autism, recent studies have provided some convergent data. One well-replicated finding is that autist...

It has been observed that certain developmental environmental risk factors for schizophrenia when modeled in rodents alter the trajectory of dopaminergic development, leading to persistent behavioural changes in adults. This has recently been articulated as the "dopamine ontogeny hypothesis of schizophrenia". To test one aspect of this hypothesis, namely that transient dopaminergic effects duri...

OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to assess the quality of life in patients with skin disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A 6-month cross-sectional study was conducted in the Dermatology Clinic at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study sample consisted of all 297 adult patients with dermatological conditions attending clinic but without associated psychiatric di...

The uneven cognitive phenotype in the adult outcome of Williams syndrome has led some researchers to make strong claims about the modularity of the brain and the purported genetically determined, innate specification of cognitive modules. Such arguments have particularly been marshalled with respect to language. We challenge this direct generalisation from adult phenotypic outcomes to genetic s...

Using data from over 1,000 male and female twins participating in the Minnesota Twin Family Study, the authors examined developmental change, gender differences, and genetic and environmental contributions to the symptom levels of four externalizing disorders (adult antisocial behavior, alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence, and drug dependence) from ages 17 to 24. Both men and women increase...