Many viruses use a powerful terminase motor to pump their genome inside an empty procapsid shell during virus maturation. The large terminase (TerL) protein contains both enzymatic activities necessary for packaging in such viruses: the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) that powers DNA translocation and an endonuclease that cleaves the concatemeric genome at both initiation and completion of ge...

A simple theoretical model was developed to assess the contribution of the pathogens and group D pharmaceutically active waste to the toxicity of the fire plume from an accidental fire in the stored material. The method was applied to stored waste at an authorised incinerator site and the study showed the additional hazard of the pathogen biohazard and pharmaceutically active material to be neg...

Antimicrobial active packaging delays or inhibits microorganism growth in packed products, and it can be used in a variety of food systems. The objective of the present research was to develop packaging incorporated with natural antimicrobial agents (active film). The effects of the active film on the spoilage, pathogenic microorganism counts, pH and color of the refrigerated chicken breast cut...

This work demonstrated the design, fabrication, packaging, and characterization of an active microscaffold system with fluid perfusion/nutrient delivery functionalities for culturing in vitro neuronal networks from dissociated hippocampal rat pup neurons. The active microscaffold consisted of an 8 x 8 array of hollow, microfabricated, SU-8 towers (1.0 mm or 1.5 mm in height), with integrated, h...

A novel approach to study the higher level packaging of specific DNA sequences has been developed by coupling high-resolution fluorescence hybridization with biochemical fractionation to remove histones and distend DNA loops to form morphologically reproducible nuclear "halos." Results demonstrate consistent differences in the organization of specific sequences, and further suggest a relationsh...

Terminase enzyme complexes, which facilitate ATP-driven DNA packaging in phages and in many eukaryotic viruses, constitute a wide and potentially diverse family of molecular motors about which little dynamic or mechanistic information is available. Here we report optical tweezers measurements of single DNA molecule packaging dynamics in phage T4, a large, tailed Escherichia coli virus that is a...

the packaging industry by promoting the production capability has an important role in the development of different economic sectors. empowerment of packaging industry increases the competitiveness of other economic sectors. on the other hand, packaging industry has an important role in increasing the national income and employment. these factors cause the governments to pay special attention t...