Objective To identify and develop the optimal active immunization induction method for NMDAR encephalitis in rodents. Background Encephalitis is a devastating neurologic disorder with high morbidity mortality. Many cases are autoimmune. N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) (NMDARE), characterized by antibodies against blood spinal fluid of patients, most common form autoimmune (AE). A tran...

The immunogenicity of a single dose of a whole-cell vaccine of inactivated Borrelia burgdorferi HSF (human spinal fluid isolate) was evaluated. Syrian hamsters were vaccinated subcutaneously and challenged by the intraperitoneal injection of 1,000 50% infectious doses of B. burgdorferi HSF 30 or 90 days postvaccination. Animals were sacrificed 14 days after challenge, and the kidneys and spleen...

s S5 modulate antigenicity and receptor binding, confounds retrospective analysis of genetic variation in HA. The situation is complicated further by the occurrence of epistatic changes within HA and between HA and NA to maximizeviral fitness following selection. Moreover, substitutions selected to modulate receptor avidity will inevitably modify receptor specificity for various sialic acid ter...

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