test anxiety as a common disorder is a physiological condition in which students experience extreme stress, anxiety and discomfort during and/or before taking a test. this kind of anxiety results from the sense of threats like fear of failure, lack of confidence and setting unattainable goals in learning and wishing to be perfect in academic situation. resulting anxiety disrupts attention, memo...

Introduction: In the recent years, the use of several drugs such as cocaine and morphine has reduced, but the use of "club drugs" has increased in many countries. 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) which has known as ‘ecstasy’ among people has many harmful effects on serotonergic system in the brain. This system is responsible for learning and memory. In this study, we tested sub-acute a...

Recent research has indicated that vicarious learning can lead to increases in children's fear beliefs and avoidance preferences for stimuli and that these fear responses can subsequently be reversed using positive modeling (counterconditioning). The current study investigated children's vicariously acquired avoidance behavior, physiological responses (heart rate), and attentional bias for stim...

Sensory stimuli acquire significance through learning. A neutral sensory stimulus can become a fearful conditioned stimulus (CS) through conditioning. Here we report that the sensory pathways used to detect the CS depend on the conditioning paradigm. Animals trained to detect an electrical somatosensory stimulus delivered to the whisker pad in an active avoidance task were able to detect this C...

Background and Objectives Conditioned fear may emerge in the absence of directly experienced conditioned stimulus (CS) – unconditioned stimulus (US) pairings. Here, we compared three pathways by which avoidance of the US may be acquired both directly (i.e., through trial-and-error instrumental learning) and indirectly (i.e., via verbal instructions and social observation). Methods Following fea...

diabetes mellitus is accompanied with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the humans and experimental animals. due to the anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity of pelargonidin (pg), this research study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chronic oral pg on alleviating learning and memory disturbance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. male wistar rats were divided into...

Perception and experience gained in the contemporary school could not help human beings' active learning. Totally, participation is the main element in active learning and thus, the active participation of students in the learning process is emphasized by education and learning in secondary schools. Given the importance of active learning, in this paper, the effective components in this type of...

Negative transfer from active to passive avoidance training. was evident 24 h after active avoidance acquisition in hypox, adx, and sham-operated rats injected with ACTH, corticosterone, or saline prior to 24-h test. No transfer was observed in control rats or in hypox, adx, or sham rats given corticosterone or saline 211z h after active avoidance training. However, hypox, adx, or sham-operated...

This study examines the role that culture plays in the way individuals learn. Experiential learning theory is used to describe the learning process and the Kolb Learning Style Inventory is used to assess differences in how individuals learn. Using the framework for categorizing cultural differences from the Global Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness (GLOBE) study, national cultures are ...