This paper presents a framework for addressing normative accounting issues for reporting to shareholders. The framework is an alternative to the emerging Conceptual Framework of the International Accounting Standards Board and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The framework can be broadly characterized as a utilitarian approach to accounting standard setting. It has two main features. F...

Chlamydia has a significant impact on public health provision in the developed world. Using pair approximation equations we investigate the efficacy of control programmes for chlamydia on short time scales that are relevant to policy makers. We use output from the model to estimate critical measures, namely, prevalence, incidence, and positivity in those screened and their partners. We combine ...

AISS (Adaptive Intelligent Sensing System), a real-time pattern recognition system with learning capability has been developed by OKK INC. AISS was designed on the concept that indispensable keys for intelligent sensing are the following three. a ) Real-time processing b ) Adaptivity c ) Real-time monitoring capability a ) Real-time processing b ) Adaptivity c ) Real-time monitoring capability ...

While much attention has been focused on the optimal ratio of a firm’s debt to equity, the “optimal” or best balance between bond financing and (longer-term) bank financing has scarcely been addressed. This essay examines the principal differences between an economy with a well-developed corporate bond market free from government interference and an economy in which bank financing plays a centr...

The question of whether private investors can discriminate between the risk taken by banks is empirically investigated by testing the risk sensitivity of European banks’ subordinated notes and debentures (SND) spreads. A unique dataset of spreads, ratings, accounting and market measures of bank risk is used for a sample of SND issued during the 1991-2000:Q1 period. Moody’s Bank Financial Streng...

introduction: the quality of the information provided in the public sector is of a high importance due to the specific purpose of reporting. presenting reliable, complete, and timeliness information of the activities in the governmental sector by using desirable public sector accounting system provides a better opportunity for people's monitoring on the offering of governmental services, transp...

Measures devised to quantify production upstreamness and downstreamness in value chains have been introduced and used increasingly in recent years. While the constructs embodied in these measures are meaningful, this paper identifies an overlooked implementation problem. Specifically, the algorithms have been applied either as though the underlying data represent flows, or under the assumption ...

In Germany, financial pressure and a lack of efficiency have caused the need for several reform processes in the local governments of German municipalities. These local governments are facing a growing contradiction between decreasing levels of financial support and increasing responsibilities. In order to address this tension, municipalities are starting to change their accounting systems by i...

A probabilistic topic model is a modern statistical tool for document collection analysis that allows extracting a number of topics in the collection and describes each document as a discrete probability distribution over topics. Classical approaches to statistical topic modeling can be quite effective in various tasks, but the generated topics may be too similar to each other or poorly interpr...