In this course, we have seen several modal logics and proof calculi to justify the truth / validity of formulas. But natural deduction, Hilbert-style calculi, tableaux, sequent calculi and the like are not the only way to establish truth. For a particular Kripke structure at hand, a systematic exploration of the state space can be used to establish if a formula of modal logic is true or false i...

Frege, and others who followed him, stressed the role of fallibility as a means to defining ‘objectivity.’ By defining objective judgments as fallible, these philosophers contributed to the consolidation of a theory of objectivity which suggested interpreting epistemological, as well as other judgements, as being objective. An important philosophical implication of this theory lies in its discl...

I discuss a neglected solution to the skeptical problem introduced by Lewis Carroll’s “What Tortoise Said Achilles” (1895) in terms of self-citational inferential license. then consider some responses this solution. The most significant response on behalf skeptic utilizes familiar distinction between two ways accepting rule: as action-guiding and mere truth. argue that is ultimately unsatisfact...

This paper makes the following two contributions to formal theories of actions: Showing that a causal minimization framework can be used effectively to specify the effects of indeterminate actions; and showing that for certain classes of such actions, regression, an effective computational mechanism, can be used to reason about them. Logical Preliminaries We shall investigate the problem in the...

In the following reflections on the understanding of truth in regard to Christian faith (or even in regard to religious faith, experience, and language in general), I advocate a relational interpretation of truth. Truth in that sense is understood not primarily as an intellectual assertion but as a qualification of a dynamic, existential, personal relation. Truth is the trustworthiness of that ...

A student model description language and its synthesis method are presented. The language called SMDL is based on a logic programming language taking 4 truth values such as true, false, unknown and fail. A modeling method called HSMIS is a new nonmonotonic model inference system and has the following major characteristics: (1) Model inference of logic program taking 4 truth values, (2)Treatment...

Explaining the connection, if any, between simplicity and truth is among the deepest problems facing the philosophy of science, statistics, and machine learning. Say that an efficient truth finding method minimizes worst case costs en route to converging to the true answer to a theory choice problem. Let the costs considered include the number of times a false answer is selected, the number of ...

Extended logic programs and annotated logic programs are two important extensions of normal logic programs that allow for a more concise and declarative representation of knowledge. Extended logic programs add explicit negation to the default negation of normal programs in order to distinguish what can be shown to be false from what cannot be proven true. Annotated logic programs generalize the...

The best-known application of dialetheism is to semantic paradoxes such as the Liar. In particular, Graham Priest has advocated the adoption of an axiomatic truth theory in which contradictions arising from the Liar paradox can be accepted as theorems, while the Liar sentence itself is evaluated as being both true and false. Such eccentricities might be tolerated, in exchange for great rewards....