For the very first time, Russian readers are offered translation of one most rarely published (in Arab world) and practically unknown (everywhere else) works Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdi (930-1023), “[An Epistle] on Penmanship (Arabic Calligraphy)” (982). As those who popularized knowledge, an encyclopedist, unrivaled master style a Mu’tazilite scholar Al-Tawḥīdi, using Adab literature, shares all tha...

ab? h??tam muz?affar asfiz?r? (5th and 6th centuries a.h.), the great iranian mathematician, astronomers and scholors, was a contemporary of khayy?m. we don’t know much about his life excert what has been mentioned in some historians’ and scholars’, works. amony his most remarkable scientific achievements, we can mention his role in vernal equinox in order to modify and improve chronology and j...