In the last issue of the The Ochsner Journal, Part I of this series provided basic statistical principles for the practicing clinician to use in the review of the medical literature and in conducting clinical research. We included discussion of formulating the study question and study goals, choosing the appropriate study design, and using the appropriate statistical test (1). In this issue, we...

We present a memory-based approach to learning commonsense causal relations from episodic text. The method relies on dynamic memory which consists of events, event schemata, episodes, causal heuristics, and causal hypotheses. The learning algorithms are based on applying causal heuristics to precedents of new information. The heuristics are derived from principles of causation, and, to a limite...

To enhance the credibility of Web service composition, Pi-calculus based formal modeling of trust Web service composition is proposed. Trust Web service composition is firstly defined abstractly; then Picalculus is used to depict structure and internal interaction of Trust Web service composition, the mapping relation between trust entity and Pi-calculus is provided. Automatic reasoner MWB is a...

Energy concentration of gain (EG) is an inherent component in beef cattle feeding systems. The National Research Council (NRC) uses equations based on body weight, rate of gain and cattle type to predict EG and, in turn, to calculate dietary energy requirements. From EG, fat and protein deposition can be calculated directly. A dynamic computer growth model also can be used to estimate EG. In bo...

The notion of a subschema, as a formal and abstract definition of data, constraints, and database update activities that are needed to make a transaction program, is introduced in the paper. Subschema is a component of a transaction program specification. It is designed using a user request and an existing relational database schema. The principles of a database update using subschema concepts ...

As the complexity of hardware (HW) and embedded system design is constantly increasing, the researchers are seeking to develop new more abstract and productive design methods or adapt the existing ones from other domains such as software design. This paper addresses the problem of using the object-oriented (OO) design techniques in HW domain. The main OO design techniques are as follows: abstra...

Formalization of architecture principles by means of ORM and Object Role Calculus (ORC) is explored. After a discussion on reasons for formalizing such principles, and of the perceived relationship between principles and (business) rules, two exploratory example formalizations are presented and discussed. They concern architecture principles taken from The Open Group’s Architecture Framework (T...