although there are studies on pragmatic assessment, to date, literature has been almost silent about native and non-native english raters’ criteria for the assessment of efl learners’ pragmatic performance. focusing on this topic, this study pursued four purposes. the first one was to find criteria for rating the speech acts of apology and refusal in l2 by native and non-native english teachers...

This study aimed to compare perceived social support of addicts and non-addicts were HIV-infected and healthy subjects. The study included descriptive and comparative studies that include all men addicted population with HIV, non-drug users were HIV-infected and healthy subjects 50-25 years old sonqor city. The sample from the samples available in the care of HIV patients were selected. Healthy...

    Background& Aims : Vitiligo is an acquired chronic skin disease which shows itself as depigmented areas . Among the theories about the etiology of vitiligo, autoimmunity theory is the most accepted. One of the issues raised is whether smoking could have an influence on the vitiligo or not. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on the disease .  Materials and Methods...