In 2010, the World Bank categorized countries in per capita gross domestic product in terms of purchasing power parity (at constant 1990 prices) in three categories: low, middle (lower and upper) and high income. If a country caught at least 28 years in lower middle income level and at least 14 years caught in upper middle-income level, then they are trapped in lower middle and upper middle...

introduction: under the principles of international law, no state has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause damage to the environment of other states. spatial econometrics provides a powerful tool to assess the influence of the pollution of neighboring countries on a country's pollution level. spatial spillover effects play a significant role in a...

Health as a prerequisite to perform other activities is considered as both consumption and capital commodity. Views on health production may differ. Sometimes, health is assumed as natural endowment, at times, it is generated by the personal efforts, and sometimes physicians and other health providers provide it. This paper aims to identify the factors affecting the production of health. To ana...

Objective: The study compared the relative cost differences of similar orphan drugs among high and low GDP countries in Europe: Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, UK. Methods: Annual treatment costs per patient were calculated. Relative costs were computed by dividing the costs by each economic parameter: nominal GDP per capita, GDP in PPP...

OBJECTIVE To describe the number and distribution of pediatricians per child nationally and on a state-by-state basis relative to the economic conditions within each state. STUDY DESIGN Real inflation-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (1996 dollars) was plotted against the number of all active physicians and pediatricians in the United States for all years data were available. ...

OBJECTIVES The relative health effects of changes in unemployment, inflation and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita on population health have not been assessed. We aimed to determine the effect of changes in these economic measures on mortality metrics across Latin America. DESIGN Ecological study. SETTING Latin America (21 countries), 1981-2010. OUTCOME MEASURES Uses multivariate re...