We report measurements of the action associated with center vortices in SU(2) pure lattice gauge theory. In the lattice units the excess of the action on the plaquettes belonging to the vortex is approximately a constant, independent on the lattice spacing a. Therefore the action of the center vortex is of order A/a, where A is its area. Since the area A is known to scale in the physical units,...

PCR recombination describes a process of in vitro chimera formation from non-identical templates. The key requirement of this process is the inclusion of two partially homologous templates in one reaction, a condition met when amplifying any locus from polyploid organisms and members of multigene families from dip-loid organisms. Because polyploids possess two or more divergent genomes (" homoe...

Kolmogorov (1958) recognised that by appropriately encoding phase-space trajectories of dynamical systems, one could in principle compute the corresponding Shannon entropies (in physics, referred to as the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy) for each. Pesin [1] (1977) proved that for certain classes of dissipative non-linear systems, including one dimensional maps, the KS-entropy is precisely the sum of ...

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The following papers in the first issue of Entropy, volume 5, 2003, were presented at the electronic conference on Foundations of Information Science FIS 2002 (http://www.mdpi.net/fis2002/). The running title of this FIS e-conference was THE NATURE OF INFORMATION: CONCEPTIONS, MISCONCEPTIONS, AND PARADOXES. It was held on the Internet from 6 to 10 May 2002, and was followed by a series of discu...

Robert J.T. Sadleir*, Vision Systems Laboratory, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, Alan Moss, Gastrointestinal Unit, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland, Paul F. Whelan, Vision Systems Laboratory, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland, John Bruzzi, Helen M. Fenlon, Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland, Padraic MacMathuna, Gastrointest...