‘‘The whole organism is so tied together that when slight variations in one part occur, and are accumulated through natural selection, other parts become modified. This is a very important subject, most imperfectly understood.’’ (Darwin, 1859, The Origin of Species). ‘‘Hence if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly modify unintentionally other par...

A class F of universal algebras is called a formation if the following conditions are satisfied: 1) Any homomorphic image of A ∈ F is in F ; 2) If α1, α2 are congruences on A and A/αi ∈ F , i = 1, 2, then A/(α1∩ α2) ∈ F . We prove that any formation generated by a simple algebra with permutable congruences is minimal, and hence any formation containing a simple algebra, with permutable congruen...

This survey article focuses on the object and scope of Zen Studies, and on trends visible since 1989. It argues that scholarship about Chan, Zen, Chan, Seon, and Thiên should be more closely integrated with Buddhist Studies, and that the boundaries of this field need to be expanded. Critical and epistemologically aware scholarship only emerged in the 1990s. Hence, scholars need to make a concer...

Mandarin Chinese WH-questions exhibit two syntactically interesting characteristics. First, WH-words that bear interrogative information always occur in situ. Second, in spite the above fact, I find that Mandarin WH-questions, with bounded WH-words, share the grammatical behaviors common to questions with unbounded and dislocated WH-words in other languages. Hence, intuitively, an account of Ma...