The historian can quote sources to suit his own purpose. It would be easy to portray the American medicine of 1800 as essentially forward-looking and progressive, if just the right evidence were selected to support this interpretation. This was indeed the view of contemporary physicians themselves, who faced the nineteenth century confident that American science had more than caught up with tha...

Fertility declines across Europe and the Anglo-world have been explained as the result of reversals of intergenerational flows of wealth. According to this theory, the child was transformed from an economically-useful household asset to an emotionally-valued parental burden. This article is based on a comparative study of changing understandings of parenthood in three provincial English localit...

A statistical analysis was applied to Northern Hemisphere land surface temperatures (1850–2018) try identify the main drivers of observed warming since mid-19th century. Two different temperature estimates were considered—a rural and urban blend (that matches almost exactly with most current estimates) a rural-only estimate. The indicates long-term 0.89 °C/century 1850, while 0.55 °C/century. T...