The modern world market is a complex system of interactions between commodity producers, financial and credit, exchange state institutions, the basis which phenomenon called large joint-stock corporation. principle corporations contemporary urban communities: their members, paying taxes to king or lord, form an association that can protect common interest. period most intensive formation (assoc...

Recent precise observations of solar global parameters are used to calibrate an upgraded solar model which takes into account magnetic fields in the solar interior. Historical data about sunspot numbers (from 1500 to the present) and solar radius changes (between 1715 and 1979) are used to compute solar variability on years to centuries timescales. The results show that although the 11 year var...

context traditional iranian medicine (tim) is a rich and valuable school of thought that believes medications are not the only effective approach for the treatment of diseases but that nutrition is also important. evidence acquisition our study includes two parts; the first is a book review of the canon of medicine by avicenna (10th and 11th centuries), in which we focus on finding and understa...

I n the last few years the use of nerve agent in the Tokyo subway by Aum Shinrikyo and al Qaeda’s offensive leading to its 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon forced us to reevaluate the threat of terrorism to our art of operations. As a term of art, asymmetric warfare now dominates public attention. But many use the term with little understanding of its operational meaning....

The recent excellentessayby Robic (2010) awakened an old concern of mine regarding whether “sequences,” be they protein or nucleic acid, have escaped the limits of their useful abstraction and acquired the status of a nonexistent physical reality. The original observation that formed the basis for this notion lies with the widespread belief that protein folding involves a change of dimensionali...

Among the rare materials of Department Manuscripts National Library France (Bibliotheque nationale de France. Departement des Manuscrits. Supplement turc 515) there is a small chronicle anonymous author dating back to era Crimean Khanate. The manuscript provided with description: “The history khans from 880 1191 Hegira (1475–1777), without title and name author. epigraph read on front side firs...

This paper presents a model aiming to automatically detect sections in medieval Latin charters. These legal sources are some of the most important for studies as they reflect economic and social dynamics well institutional writing practices. An automatic linear segmentation can greatly facilitate charter indexation speed up recovering evidence support historical hypothesis by means granular inq...