The adult Drosophila midgut is established during the larval/pupal transition from undifferentiated cells known as adult midgut precursors (AMPs). Four fundamental cell types are found in the adult midgut epithelium: undifferentiated intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and their committed daughter cells, enteroblasts (EBs), plus enterocytes (ECs) and enteroendocrine cells (EEs). Using the Drosophila p...

The prevalence of vitamin A (VA) deficiency, which affects about one-third of children in developing countries, is falling only slowly. This is despite extensive distribution and administration of periodic (4– to 6-monthly) high-dose VA capsules over the past 20 years, now covering a reported 80% of children in developing countries. This massive programme was motivated largely by an expectation...

Our knowledge of the anatomical organization of the human brain in health and disease draws heavily on the study of patients with focal brain lesions. Historically the first method of mapping brain function, it is still potentially the most powerful, establishing the necessity of any putative neural substrate for a given function or deficit. Great inferential power, however, carries a crucial v...

Correspondence to Daniel A. Starr: [email protected] Abbreviations used in this paper: DIC, differential interference contrast; fps, frame per second; INM, inner nuclear membrane; KASH, Klarsicht, ANC-1, and Syne homology; LINC, linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton; NE, nuclear envelope; ONM, outer nuclear membrane; PNS, perinuclear space; SUN, Sad1p and UNC-84; TEM, transmission EM. Int...

Taste buds are assemblies of elongated epithelial cells, which are innervated by gustatory nerves that transmit taste information to the brain stem. Taste cells are continuously renewed throughout life via proliferation of epithelial progenitors, but the molecular regulation of this process remains unknown. During embryogenesis, sonic hedgehog (SHH) negatively regulates taste bud patterning, su...

Simple perceptual tasks have laid the groundwork for understanding the neurobiology of decision-making. Here, we examined this foundation to explain how decision-making circuitry adjusts in the face of a more difficult task. We measured behavioral and physiological responses of monkeys on a twoand four-choice direction-discrimination decision task. For both tasks, firing rates in the lateral in...

Steven G. Greening, Elizabeth A. Osuch, Peter C. Williamson, and Derek G. V. Mitchell Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1 Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7 Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lo...

The presence of nitrates and nitrites in food is associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer and, in infants, methemoglobinemia. Despite the physiologic roles for nitrate and nitrite in vascular and immune function, consideration of food sources of nitrates and nitrites as healthful dietary components has received little attention. Approximately 80% of dietary nitrates are deri...

Correspondence to Luca Scorrano: [email protected] Abbreviations used in this paper: BiP, binding Ig protein; DIC, differential interference contrast; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; FLIP, fluorescence loss in photobleaching; hMfn, human Mfn; Marf, mitochondrial assembly regulatory factor; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast; Mfn, mitofusin; MHC, myosin heavy chain; mtGFP, mitochondrial GFP; NMJ, ...

Nerves are a common feature of the microenvironment, but their role in tumor growth and progression remains unclear. We found that the formation of autonomic nerve fibers in the prostate gland regulates prostate cancer development and dissemination in mouse models. The early phases of tumor development were prevented by chemical or surgical sympathectomy and by genetic deletion of stromal b2and...