Macrophages and microglia can be polarized along a continuum toward a detrimental (M1) or a beneficial (M2) state in the injured CNS. Although phagocytosis of myelin in vitro promotes M2 polarization, macrophage/microglia in the injured spinal cord retain a predominantly M1 state that is detrimental to recovery. We have identified two factors that underlie this skewing toward M1 polarization in...

The muscarinic acetylcholine M1 receptor protein is known to play a role in hippocampal-based and shortterm memory. It has been shown to improve cognition and modify Alzheimer’s disease (AD) properties in animal models. As a result, muscarinic M1 agonism has been identified as a target for AD treatment. Initial drug development programs targeting the muscarinic M1 receptor were curtailed by una...

تعد نقابة الاشراف الطالبيين احدى مؤسسات الدولة الادارية في العربية الاسلامية ووظيفتها الأساسية هي حفظ أنساب الهاشمين من العلويين والعباسيين أنْ تكون مِدعاةَ الأخرين والعناية شؤونهم الخاصة والعامة.
 وصارت كلمة الأشراف تنسب إلى بيت النبِّي (صلى الله عليه واله وسلم) نسل الحسن والحسين عليهم السلام، وهي وظيفة شريفة ومرتبة نفيسة موضوعها التحدّث على اولاد عليّ بن أبي طالب (عليهم السلام ) فاطمة بنت رسول ...

Objectives We investigated the relationships among M1 monocytes, M2 monocytes, osteoclast (OC) differentiation ability, and clinical characteristics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from RA patients and healthy donors, and we then investigated the number of M1 monocytes or M2 monocytes by fluorescence-activated cell s...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vessel anatomy is assumed to influence results of endovascular mechanical thrombectomy using stent retrievers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of vessel curvature on recanalization results in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by large-vessel occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 159 patients (70 ± 12.8 years of age; 79 women) treated for ac...

Intracellular pathogens have developed various strategies to escape immunity to enable their survival in host cells, and many bacterial pathogens preferentially reside inside macrophages, using diverse mechanisms to penetrate their defenses and to exploit their high degree of metabolic diversity and plasticity. Here, we characterized the interactions of the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia pneu...

Activins are TGFbeta family members known to mediate a variety of developmental events. We examined the effects of activins on the self-renewing epithelial lineages present in gastric units of the adult mouse stomach. These lineages are descended from multipotent stem cells located in the midportion of each unit. The stem cell and its immediate descendants can be identified by their morphologic...

OBJECTIVE We investigate the prognostic role of pre-treatment ratio between Type 1 (M1) and Type 2 (M2) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients treated with chemoradiation (CT/RT). METHODS 84 consecutive LACC patients treated with cisplatin-based CT/RT for a total dose of 50.0 Gy, followed by radical surgery were analysed. Double-staining immuno...

The impairment of amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance in the brain plays a causative role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Polarity distribution of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is important to remove Aβ from brain. AQP4 polarity can be influenced by the ratio of two AQP4 isoforms M1 and M23 (AQP4-M1/M23), however, it is unknown whether the ratio of AQP4-M1/M23 changes in AD. Histone deacetylase 3 has been reported to b...