BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is more severe during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than during non-REM sleep. We aimed to determine the features of patients with OSA who experience little REM sleep. METHODS Patients with a chief complaint of sleep-disordered breathing were enrolled. All subjects underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) and completed questionnaires on s...

Most depressed patients suffer from sleep abnormalities, which are one of the critical symptoms of depression. They are robust risk factors for the initiation and development of depression. Studies about sleep electroencephalograms have shown characteristic changes in depression such as reductions in non-rapid eye movement sleep production, disruptions of sleep continuity and disinhibition of r...

The hypothesized role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is rich in dreams, in the formation of new associations, has remained anecdotal. We examined the role of REM on creative problem solving, with the Remote Associates Test (RAT). Using a nap paradigm, we manipulated various conditions of prior exposure to elements of a creative problem. Compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM ...

NARCOLEPSY IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPINESS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DISSOCIATED RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) sleep including cataplexy, hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis.1 Normal REM sleep is characterized by tonic features, including cortical EEG desynchronization and muscle atonia, and phasic events, including bursts of rapid eye...

We develop methodology which combines statistical learning methods with generalized Markov models, thereby enhancing the former to account for time series dependence. Our methodology can accommodate very general and very long-term time dependence structures in an easily estimable and computationally tractable fashion. We apply our methodology to the scoring of sleep behavior in mice. As current...

ATONIA OF SKELETAL MUSCLES IS ONE OF THE CARDINAL FEATURES OF RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) SLEEP. Superimposed on this atonia is intermittent activity in both axial and limb muscles. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by excessive motor activity during REM sleep with acting out of dreams.1 The diagnosis of RBD is made by the appearance of elevated submental electromyogram (EMG) tone...

In accordance with the prominent role of orexins in the maintenance of wakefulness via activation of orexin-1 (OX1R) and orexin-2 (OX2R) receptors, various dual OX1/2R antagonists have been shown to promote sleep in animals and humans. While selective blockade of OX2R seems to be sufficient to initiate and prolong sleep, the beneficial effect of additional inhibition of OX1R remains controversi...

BACKGROUND The mechanisms contributing to worsening of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have been minimally studied. Reduced upper-airway muscle tone may be an important contributor. Because respiratory events and the associated blood gas changes can influence genioglossus (GG) activity, we compared GG activity between OSA patients and control subjects during ...

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that cholinoceptive basal forebrain systems can significantly influence cholinoceptive pontine mechanisms known to be important for generating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This hypothesis was examined by microinjecting the cholinergic agonist carbachol or saline (vehicle control) into the pons, the basal forebrain, or simultaneously into the po...