The bioavailability of orally administered mono- and polyglutamyl folates was examined in humans by using stable-isotope methods. [3',5'-2H2]Folic acid (d2-FA) and [3',5'-2H2]pteroylhexaglutamate (d2-PteGlu6) were prepared for oral administration and (glu-2H4)folic acid (d4-FA) was prepared for intravenous (iv) injection. In two trials, adult males (n = 7) on a folate saturation regimen (2 mg/d...

Factors that regulate terminal arbor size of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons during development and after injury are not well understood. This study examined the role of dopamine receptors in regulating arbor size. Terminal arbors were examined in mice with targeted deletion of the D1 or D2 dopamine receptor [D1(-/-) and D2(-/-) mice, respectively]. Terminal trees were also examin...

During cold acclimation, shivering is progressively replaced by nonshivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle are relevant for nonshivering thermogenesis, which depends largely on thyroid hormone. Since the skeletal muscle fibers progressively adapt to cold exposure through poorly defined mechanisms, our intent was to determine whether skeletal muscle type 2 deiodin...

The ATP binding cassette transporter, ABCD2 (D2), is a peroxisomal protein whose mRNA has been detected in the adrenal, brain, liver, and fat. Although the role of this transporter in neural tissues has been studied, its function in adipose tissue remains unexplored. The level of immunoreactive D2 in epididymal fat is >50-fold of that found in brain or adrenal. D2 is highly enriched in adipocyt...

Thyroid hormones play important roles in bone growth, development, and turnover. To exert its biological activity, T(4) needs to be converted to T(3) by iodothyronine deiodinase. In human thyroid gland as well as rat brown adipose tissue, type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) expression is regulated by a TSH receptor-cAMP-mediated mechanism. TSH receptor knockout mice demonstrated the direct eff...

Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of multiple dopamine receptor subtypes, referred to as D1 and D2. The present study examines the distribution of these dopamine binding sites in the rat brain and pituitary in relation to the distribution of D2 receptor mRNA using a combination of in vitro receptor autoradiographic and in situ hybridization techniques. 3H-Raclopride and 3H-SCH2339...

D1 receptors located on striatonigral neurons and D2 receptors located, together with A2A receptors, on striatopallidal neurons are known to interact functionally. Using in situ hybridization, we examined the effects of D1 and D2 agonists and of an A2A antagonist on c-fos mRNA in identified striatal neurons and in globus pallidus. The full D1 agonist, SKF 82958 (1 mg/kg), induced a homogenous i...

This randomized Phase II trial will compare the efficacy and safety of laparoscopy-assisted D2 distal gastrectomy and open distal D2 gastrectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with macroscopically resectable serosa-positive gastric cancer. When R0/R1 surgery is achieved, patients receive S-1 chemotherapy for 1-year post-operatively. The primary endpoint is the 3-year disease-free s...