Background: The 148 species of kissing bug include important vectors of the debilitating, chronic, and often fatal Chagas disease, which affects several million people in Central and South America. An understanding of the natural hosts of this speciose group of blood-feeding insects has and will continue to aid ongoing efforts to impede the spread of Chagas disease. However, information on kiss...

RNA is an attractive biopolymer for nanodesign of self-assembling particles for nanobiotechnology and synthetic biology. Here, we experimentally characterize by biochemical and biophysical methods the formation of thermostable and ribonuclease resistant RNA nanorings previously proposed by computational design. High yields of fully programmable nanorings were produced based on several RNAI/IIi ...

We consider bounds on codes in spherical caps and related problems in geometry and coding theory. An extension of the Delsarte method is presented that relates upper bounds on the size of spherical codes to upper bounds on codes in caps. Several new upper bounds on codes in caps are derived. Applications of these bounds to estimates of the kissing numbers and one-sided kissing numbers are consi...

In this paper we survey results on packings of congruent spheres in 3-dimensional spaces of constant curvature. The topics discussed are as follows: Hadwiger numbers of convex bodies and kissing numbers of spheres; Touching numbers of convex bodies; Newton numbers of convex bodies; One-sided Hadwiger and kissing numbers; Contact graphs of finite packings and the combinatorial Kepler problem; Is...

Kissing gourami culture has begun to be developed reduce the dependence on natural catches. Many factors that are influence fish culture. One of those is availability sufficient quantity and quality feed. Protein an important nutrient supports growth affects feed prices. The protein requirement for each needs known as a basis formulating This research aims determine optimum level kissing gouram...