slow sand filtration (s.s.f) is a main process in the water treatment technology and generally considered as most appropriate for application in rural and small urban areas in developing countries. however, performance of the s.s.f is very sensitive to high turbidity levels. therefore, pretreatment is necessary for such waters. horizontal - flow roughing filtration (hfrf) and direct horizontal ...

The flow through a unit of a drinking water treatment plant is one of the most important parameters in terms of a unit’s effectiveness. In the present paper, a new EPAnet library is presented with the typical hydraulic elements for drinking water treatment processes well abstraction, rapid sand filtration and cascade and tower aeration. Using this treatment step library, a hydraulic model was s...

introduction:  the  purpose  of  this  study  is  to  define  the  optimal  parameters  for  the  tomographic  reconstruction procedure in a routine single photon emission tomography. the hoffman brain phantom  is modified to evaluate the reconstruction method. the phantom was imaged in a 3 and 2-dimensional  conformation and the results were compared.   materials  and  methods:  the  2d  phant...

The total bacterial community of an experimental slow sand filter (SSF) was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of partial 16S rRNA gene PCR products. One dominant band had sequence homology to Legionella species, indicating that these bacteria were a large component of the SSF bacterial community. Populations within experimental and commercial SSF units were studied by u...