In many real-life applications, physical considerations lead to the necessity to consider the smoothest of all signals that is consistent with the measurement results. Usually, the corresponding optimization problem is solved in statistical context. In this paper, we propose a quadratic-time algorithm for smoothing an interval function. This algorithm, given n + 1 intervals x0, . . . ,xn with 0...

The Motzkin numberMn is the cardinality of the set of sequencesMn = f(xi)ni=1 : xi 2 f 1; 0; 1g; all partial sums P k i=1 xi are nonnegative and P n i=1 xi = 0g. These sequences have a pictorial representation as Motzkin paths: lattice paths of upsteps (corresponding to +1), downsteps ( 1) and atsteps (0) that begin and end at, but never dip below, \ground level". For example, the M3 = 4 Motzki...

Recently, an alternative pathway for factor XI activation has been described in which factor XI is activated by thrombin. Patients with a factor XI deficiency bleed mostly from tissues with high local fibrinolytic activity. Therefore, the role of thrombin-mediated factor XI activation in both fibrin formation and fibrinolysis was studied in a plasma system. Clotting was induced by the addition ...

In periodically driven systems, near a bifurcation (critical) point the period-averaged escape rate Wmacr; scales with the field amplitude A as |ln(Wmacr;| proportional, variant (A(c)-A)(xi), where A(c) is a critical amplitude. We find three scaling regions. With increasing field frequency or decreasing |A(c)-A|, the critical exponent xi changes from xi=3/2 for a stationary system to a dynamica...

We have previously demonstrated that a monoclonal antibody (5F7) directed against the heavy chain region of factor XI inhibits the binding of factor XI to high molecular weight kininogen (high Mr kininogen) and the surface-mediated proteolytic activation of factor XI by factor XIIa in the presence of high Mr kininogen. In order to identify the structural domain of factor XI that binds high Mr k...

Variants of factor XI containing Gln226 to Arg (Q226 to R) and Ser248 to Asn (S248 to N) substitutions were first identified in an African American family with a history of excessive bleeding. The substitutions have recently been identified in unrelated individuals, suggesting they are relatively common. Both amino acids are located in the third apple domain of factor XI, an area implicated in ...

Economical biofuel production from plant biomass requires the conversion of both cellulose and hemicellulose in the plant cell wall. The best industrial fermentation organism, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been developed to utilize xylose by heterologously expressing either a xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase (XR/XDH) pathway or a xylose isomerase (XI) pathway. Although it has be...

Replicating the genome prior to each somatic cell division not only requires precise duplication of the genetic information, but also accurately reestablishing the epigenetic signatures that instruct how the genetic material is to be interpreted in the daughter cells. The mammalian inactive X chromosome (Xi), which is faithfully inherited in a silent state in each daughter cell, provides an exc...

Let Xi (i = 1, 2, . . .) be a sequence of subexponential positive independent and identically distributed random variables. In this paper we offer two alternative approaches to obtain higher-order expansions of the tail of ∑n i=1 Xi and subsequently for ruin probabilities in renewal risk models with claim sizes Xi. In particular, these emphasize the importance of the term P( ∑n i=1 Xi > s,max(X...

The paper presents an efficient computational method for estimating the tails of a target variable Z which is related to other set of bounded variables X = (Xi,. . . , X,) by an increasing (decreasing) relation Z = h( XI, . . . , X,). To this aim, variables Xi, i = 1,. . . , n are sequentially simulated in such a manner that Z = h( xi, . . . , xi-i, Xi, . . . ,X,) is guaranteed to be in the tai...