The hypothesis was tested that the abdominal area constitutes an important reservoir for central blood volume expansion (CBVE) during water immersion in humans. Six men underwent 1) water immersion for 30 min (WI), 2) water immersion for 30 min with thigh cuff inflation (250 mmHg) during initial 15 min to exclude legs from contributing to CBVE (WI+Occl), and 3) a seated nonimmersed control with...

The aim of the present study was to investigate how loading of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors induced by water immersion (WI) modifies baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in conscious dogs. Nine dogs were chronically instrumented for measuring carotid sinus nerve activity (CSNA), RSNA, carotid arterial (Pca), and central venous (Pcv) pressures. The stimulus-response rel...

Nowadays, the more and more popular location based applications require accurate position information even in indoor environments. Wireless technologies can be used to derive positioning data. Especially, the Wi-Fi technology is popular for indoor localization because the existing and almost ubiquitous worldwide Wi-Fi infrastructure can be reused lowering the expenses. However, the primary purp...

Though GPS is the most popular positioning system at present it does not perform well in indoor environments and metropolitan city areas. Wi-Fi positioning has received much attention due to its advantages with respect to indoor positioning and the wide spread of the Wi-Fi access points (APs). Its performance in an outdoor environment is also of interest as a Wi-Fi based positioning system can ...

For low-cost and continuous indoor navigation, an INS/Wi-Fi (inertial navigation system/Wi-Fi) integrated system is expected to yield a synergetic effect resulting in higher navigation performance than using the standalone systems. In this paper, the authors explore the integration of Wi-Fi measurements with data from microelectromechanical systems based inertial measurement unit for indoor veh...

This paper summarizes Wi-SUN communication systems and their physical (PHY) layer and media access control (MAC) specifications. Firstly, the Wi-SUN communication systems are categorized into three. The key PHY and MAC standards, IEEE 802.15.4g and .4e, that configure the systems are explained, and fundamental transmission performances of the systems in the PHY layer and MAC layer are evaluated...

This paper investigates Waveform Interpolation (WI) applied low bit rate wideband speech coding. An analysis of the evolutionary behaviour of wideband Characteristic Waveforms (CWs) shows that direct application of the classical WI algorithm may not be appropriate for wideband speech. We propose a modification whereby CW quantisation is performed using classical WI decomposition for the low fre...

Let ∆̂n,q = ∑n i=1 wi`i andWn = ∑n i=1 wi with wi = p(xi) q(xi) and `i = `(f1(xi), yi)−`(f2(xi), yi). We note that for examples drawn according to q(x), E[∆̂n,q] = n∆ and E[Wn] = n. The random variables w1, . . . , wn and w1`1, . . . , wn`n are iid, therefore the central limit theorem implies that 1 n∆̂ 0 n,q and 1 nWn are asymptotically normally distributed with √ n ( 1 n ∆̂n,q −∆ ) n→∞ −→ N (0,Va...

During exercise, dynamic hyperinflation-induced intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) and decreased dynamic lung compliance (CL,dyn) of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increase the elastic work of inspiration (Wi) more than would be predicted from the increase in tidal volume (VT). This contributes significantly to their exertional breathlessness. In 10 s...