The sorting paired features (SPF) task measures four associations in a single response block. Using four response options (e.g., good-Republicans, bad-Republicans, good-Democrats, and bad-Democrats), each trial requires participants to categorize two stimuli at once to a category pair (e.g., wonderful-Clinton to good-Democrats). Unlike other association measures, the SPF requires simultaneous c...

Recent Internet traffic measurements show that 60% of the total packets are short packets, which include TCP acknowledgment and control segments. These short packets make a great impact on the performance of TCP. Unfortunately, short packets suffer from large delay due to serving long data packets in switches running in the packet mode, i.e. a packet is switched in its entirety. To optimize TCP...

A significant survival difference between black and white breast cancer patients has been observed in the United States. Evaluation ofthe prognostic value of DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction (SPF) in black and white breast cancer patients may contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of racial disparity in survival. A sample of 98 patients (50 blacks and 48 whites) who participated in th...

A lasting depression of body weight can be achieved consistently by contaminating newborn mice, specific pathogen-free (SPF), with a filterable agent derived from the intestine of mice raised under ordinary conditions of husbandry (1, 2). Adult SPF mice, contaminated with this agent after birth, exhibit a variety of metabolic abnormalities, such as reduced ability to incorporate amino acids and...

It was assumed that the enlarged caecum and the accumulation of semiliquid contents in germfree rats is accompanied by changes in sodium absorption. Transepithelial sodium fluxes were studied under Ussing chamber conditions across epithelial sheets of the caecum and colon of germfree (GF) and specific-pathogen free (SPF) rats. Net sodium transport was highest in the proximal colon and in the pr...

The sun protection factor (SPF) has widely been used to evaluate the protective value of sunscreens. However, SPF only reflects the effectiveness of the sunscreen to protect against acute sunburn which is mainly due to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The deleterious effects of UVB are well known and UVB was believed in the past to be the spectrum responsible for the damages arising from ultravio...

In the present study, embryo transfer was performed using frozen-thawed embryos to establish a SPF colony of human apolipoprotein (a) (apo(a)) transgenic rabbits. Apo(a) transgenic rabbits were kept under conventional condition and were infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Embryos at the morula stage were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, the in vitro survival rate was...

Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase, EC 2.1.3.3) a mitochondrial enzyme of the urea cycle catalyses the formation of citrulline from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate. It has been purified from liver in 3 mammalian species: bovine [ 11, human [2] and rat [3,4] but not from mouse. We decided to purify mouse OTCase because the mouse is the only mammalian species in which two strains with an OTCase...

Current nutrition research is focusing on health promotion, disease prevention, and performance improvement for individuals and communities around the world. The humans with required nutritional ingredients depend on both how well the individual is provided with balanced foods and what state of gut microbiota the host has. Studying the mutually beneficial relationships between gut microbiome an...

Sex pheromones have been shown to constitute a crucial aspect of salamander reproduction. Until now, courtship pheromones of Salamandridae and Plethodontidae have been intensively studied, but information on chemical communication in other urodelan families is essentially lacking. The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum, Ambystomatidae) has a courtship display that suggests a key role for chemical com...