The basal ganglia are a subcortical assembly of nuclei involved in many aspects of behavior. Three of the nuclei have high firing rates and inhibitory influences: the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), globus pallidus interna (GPi), and globus pallidus externa (GPe). The SNr contains a wide range of visual, cognitive, and motor signals that have been shown to contribute to saccadic eye mov...

In spite of the great success of the i-vector/PLDA framework, speaker verification in noisy environments remains a challenge. To compensate for the variability of i-vectors caused by different levels of background noise, this paper proposes a new framework, namely SNR-invariant PLDA, for robust speaker verification. By assuming that i-vectors extracted from utterances falling within a narrow SN...

The striatum and subthalamic nucleus (STN) are the input stations of the basal ganglia and receive excitatory afferents from the cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia control voluntary movements through three parallel pathways mediated by the input stations: the hyperdirect pathway, which conveys direct cortical inputs to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), the output nucleus, through the ...

In 2001, Krueger and Glover introduced a model describing the temporal SNR (tSNR) of an EPI time series as a function of image SNR (SNR(0)). This model has been used to study physiological noise in fMRI, to optimize fMRI acquisition parameters, and to estimate maximum attainable tSNR for a given set of MR image acquisition and processing parameters. In its current form, this noise model require...

In this paper, the performance of radio-over-fiber (RoF) links employing intensity modulation has been investigated in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR). An analytical model including dispersion, laser and radio frequency (RF) oscillator phase noise is constructed to estimate the SNR performance for 64quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based RoF systems. It has been observed that the RF o...

We report on new Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) observations of SNR J0519–6902. The Supernova Remnant (SNR) is small in size (∼8 pc) and exhibits a typical SNR spectrum with α = −0.53± 0.07, with steeper spectral indices towards the northern limb of the remnant. SNR J0519–6902 contains a low level of radially orientated polarisation at wavelengths of 3 and 6 cm, which is typical of y...

Dopamine (DA) is released not only from the terminals of the nigrostriatal projection, but also from the dendrites of these neurons, which arborize in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR). Although striatal DA release has been extensively studied by in vivo microdialysis, dendritic DA release in the SNR has not been characterized by this technique. Extracellular DA was monitored simultane...

The prelimbic/medial orbital areas (PL/MO) of the rat prefrontal cortex are connected to substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) through three main circuits: a direct nucleus accumbens (NAcc)-SNR pathway, an indirect NAcc-SNR pathway involving the ventral pallidum (VP) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and a disynaptic cortico-STN-SNR pathway. The present study was undertaken to characterize th...

The standard 802.11 presents a Medium Access Control (MAC) anomaly when stations with different data rates operate at the same Access Point. This paper presents a strategy for using SNR to control the contention window and consequently mitigate the anomaly. Simulations using Network Simulators (NS) are presented to demonstrate the anomaly and to evaluate the mitigation anomaly strategy. The str...

In this letter, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance is analyzed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based amplify-and-forward (AF) relay systems in the presence of carrier frequency offset (CFO) for fading channels. The SNR expression is derived under one-relay-node scenario, and is further extended to multiple-relaynode scenario. Analytical results show that the SNR is qu...