Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia-telangiectasia Rad3-related (ATR) and the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex ensure genome stability in response to DNA damage. However, their essential role in DNA metabolism remains unknown. Here we show that ATM and ATR prevent accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during chromosomal replication. Replicating chromosomes accumulate DSBs in Xenopus l...

It was previously demonstrated that the intestinal pathogen Vibrio cholerae could undergo an adaptive stress response known as the acid tolerance response (ATR). The ATR is subdivided into two branches, inorganic ATR and organic ATR. The transcriptional regulator ToxR, while not involved in inorganic ATR, is required for organic ATR in a ToxT-independent manner. Herein, we investigate the effec...

Seckel Syndrome (SS) and Primary Microcephaly (MCPH) are disorders exhibiting marked microcephaly with a head circumference less than three standard deviations below the mean. ATR-Seckel Syndrome is conferred by mutations in ataxia and telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), a kinase that activates a DNA damage signalling response. Cell lines from additional SS patients, who are normal for ATR, ...

CDC6, a replication licensing protein, is partially exported to the cytoplasm in human cells through phosphorylation by Cdk during S phase, but a significant proportion remains in the nucleus. We report here that human CDC6 physically interacts with ATR, a crucial checkpoint kinase, in a manner that is stimulated by phosphorylation by Cdk. CDC6 silencing by siRNAs affected ATR-dependent inhibit...

An essential component of the ATR (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related)-activating structure is single-stranded DNA. It has been suggested that nucleotide excision repair (NER) can lead to activation of ATR by generating such a signal, and in yeast, DNA damage processing through the NER pathway is necessary for checkpoint activation during G1. We show here that ultraviolet (UV) radia...

AUTOMATIC target recognition (ATR) generally refers to the autonomous or aided target detection and recognition by computer processing of data from a variety of sensors such as forward looking infrared (FLIR), synthetic aperture radar (SAR), inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR), laser radar (LADAR), millimeter wave (MMW) radar, multispectral/hyperspectral sensors, low-light television (LLTV)...

A critical event for the ability of cells to tolerate DNA damage and replication stress is activation of the ATR kinase. ATR activation is dependent on the BRCT repeat-containing protein TopBP1. Previous work has shown that recruitment of TopBP1 to sites of DNA damage and stalled replication forks is necessary for downstream events in ATR activation, however the mechanism for this recruitment w...

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase related protein kinases (PIKK) including ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNAdependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) coordinate cellular responses to DNA damage. DNA-PK and ATM are primarily activated by double-strand breaks. The ATR kinase, in contrast, responds to numerous forms of genotoxic stress including intrastrand cross-links, oxid...

Automatic target recognition (ATR) in target search phase is very challenging because the target range and mobility are not yet perfectly known, which results in delay-Doppler uncertainty. In this paper, we firstly perform some theoretical studies on radar sensor network (RSN) design based on linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveform: (1) the conditions for waveform coexistence, (2) interferen...

Attenuated total re ection (ATR) spectroscopy, a wellknown surface technique, is frequently used for examining very thin Ž lms on substrates. However, when it comes to examining thin Ž lms on silicon substrates, the high refractive index of the substrates seems to preclude ATR analysis. This paper demonstrates that extraordinary sensitivity can be achieved by using ATR to analyze monolayers on...