This paper proposes a new methodology of migration from IEC 61131-3 PLCs to IEC 61499 function blocks. The aim of this migration process is to recreate IEC 61131-3 applications in IEC 61499 implementations with equivalent execution behavior. The formal model of the IEC 61131-3 standard for migration and cyclical execution model is defined. This method also creates a foundation for correct-by-de...

Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis by providing a physical and functional barrier between the intestinal lumen and underlying mucosal immune system. The activation of NF-κB and prevention of apoptosis in IEC are required to maintain the intestinal barrier and prevent colitis. How NF-κB activation in IEC prevents colitis is not fully understood. TNFα-induced ...

BACKGROUND Small intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) show apoptosis in physiological turnover of cells and in certain inflammatory diseases. AIMS To investigate the role of caspases in the progression of IEC apoptosis in vivo. METHODS IEC were separated along the villus-crypt axis from the jejunum of normal and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infected rats at 4 degrees C. Caspases were examined ...

The identification of a suitable basis of safety to protect, or prevent, against overpressure hazards from gas, vapour or dust explosions and runaway chemical reactions or decompositions is a prerequisite for safe operation. However, the process of successfully realising and implementing the basis of safety is critical to its success. This paper examines the critical phases of selection of the ...

Functions such as adaptive cruise control, crash protection systems, active body control and ESP are increasing in complexity and taking an ever more active role in controlling the car. These functions are realized by systems of sensors, actuators and interconnected electronic control units. The systems must be designed to function under a variety of operating conditions and must adhere to a nu...

In automotive, railway, avionics, automation, and healthcare industries more and more functionality is implemented by embedded software. A failure of safetycritical software may cause high costs or even endanger human beings. Also for applications which are not highly safety-critical, a software failure may necessitate expensive updates. Contemporary safety standards – including DO-178B, DO-178...

LPS elicits several immediate proinflammatoy responses in peripheral blood leukocytes via a recently described pathway including CD14, Toll-like receptors (TLR), serine-threonine kinases, and NF-kappaB transcription factor. However, the functional responses of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) to stimulation with LPS are unknown. Expression of mRNA and protein for CD14 and TLRs were assessed by...

Previous studies support a role for intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) as antigen-presenting cells in mucosal immune responses. T cells activated by IEC are CD8+, suppressor in function, and dependent upon CD8-associated p56lck activation. A 180-kD glycoprotein (gp180) recognized by mAbs B9 and L12 has been identified and shown to be important in CD8+ T cell activation by IEC. Since IEC derived ...

Nanocomposite cation exchange membranes (CEMs) were prepared by adding various amounts of functionalized silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles to the sulfonated polyethersulfone (sPES) polymeric matrix. The particles were synthesized first by the co-precipitation method (M0). Different surface modifications were then carried out on them by grafting three functional groups of mercaptopropyl, pro...