Abstract This article studies eight cities in four countries the southern African region (Namibia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Botswana) to explore whether how local governing authority has been channelled towards climate-resilient development. The authors undertook a desk-based identification review of available primary secondary legal sources normative documents while also drawing on scientif...

This paper studies a supply chain coordinated by a revenue-sharing contract in fuzzy environment. Two kinds of fuzzy programming models are discussed: revenue-sharing contract with fuzzy linear demand model and fuzzy iso-price-elastic demand model. Supply chain coordination in both centralized decision setting and centralized decision setting are achieved by obtaining the optimal solutions in t...

The supply chain coordinating role of revenue-sharing has, to date, been examined only in static models. With downstream competition, the central conclusion in these models is negative: revenue-sharing cannot, except in degenerate form, achieve coordination. Incorporating dynamics, by allowing inventory carryover in discrete time, this paper establishes a foundation for revenue-sharing contract...

We study how interactions between financing and investment decisions can shape firm boundaries in innovative markets. In particular, we model innovative projects as growth options and ask whether they are best operated inside large incumbent firms (Integration) or in separate, specialized firms (Non-Integration). Starting from a standard theoretical framework, in which value-maximizing corporat...

The parametric cost estimation approach has proved to be an efficient method for analyzing complex systems such as spacecraft, missiles, ships, buildings, etc where cost varies according to a number of parameters. The cost to provision a telecom network also depends on a number of parameters; but little research effort has been applied to estimate cost using this approach. In estimating the cos...

In this paper we survey a number of different social software websites and analyze their revenue models. The main revenue models that we analyzed included advertising, premium memberships, affiliate programs, donations and merchandize sale. The survey will categorize different social software based upon the revenue model being adopted. The main aim of this paper is to highlight the need for stu...

This article discusses the procedural basis for application of legal sanctions, need a sanction and its role in system means, by court, sanctions against entities citizens, as well norms principles, law enforcement acts, agreements, facts, subjective rights obligations, prohibitions, privileges, incentives penalties, documents on exercise etc. The also analyzes such issues financial suspension ...

Based on a review of the diverse practices how armed groups tax, we highlight that full account why tax needs to go beyond revenue motivations, also engage with explanations related ideology, legitimacy, institution building, legibility and control populations, performance public authority. This article builds two distinct literatures, taxation, provide first systematic exploration motivations ...