Among non-oil exports and in trade arena, drug has always been strategic importance and most government especially industrialized countries pay special attention to its production and trade issues. Thus, having a comprehensive view from economic perspective to this section is essential for suggesting intervention. This was a descriptive-analytical and panel study. In this study, gravity model i...

This paper questions the conventional wisdom concerning the sequencing of political and economic reforms in developing countries. We exploit the specific situation of frontier-zones as well as the considerable regional variations in culture and economic development in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union in order to estimate the impact of market development an...

Hyperglycemia in perioperative patients has been identified as a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality among the critically ill, decrease infection rates and improve survival after cardiac surgery, and improve outcomes in acute neurologic injury and acute myocardial infarction. However, recent evidence of severe...

Abstract A large body of research has found that people judge bad foreseen side effects to be more intentional than good ones. While the standard interpretation this Side-Effect Effect (SEE) takes it show ordinary concept intentionality is influenced by normative considerations, a competing account holds result pragmatic pressure express moral censure and, thus, SEE an experimental artifact. At...

This paper is to study the resource curse applying annual data from 2002 to 2016 for the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members i.e. Algeria, Iran, Kuwait, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. For this purpose, there were concerned the interactions role of resource abundance and institution quality, and their marginal effect of the countrie...

in recent decades, theorists proposed the role of domestic components such as interior active groups, policies and macroeconomic indicators on determination of protection policies. in the context of recent studies, this study has investigated the effect of business cycle fluctuations on import protection for selected developing countries in 1995-2011 by using dynamic panel data method. furtherm...

This paper quantifies the welfare impact of a permanent increase in the level of per capita income brought about by a temporary growth effect following financial liberalization. We find that a lion’s share of the welfare benefits from financial liberalization accrue over relatively short horizons, and in the early years after the policy is implemented. Evaluating welfare gains from liberalizati...