We describe a binding of the XDR protocol to the Common LISP programming language and the binding's routine's library implementation. The implementation solves compatibility problems arising in the exchange of structured data between modules coded in diierent programming languages and/or hosted by computing environments with diierent hardware architectures. Our facility is used for module inter...

Rifampicin-Resistant/Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB) is recognized as a major public health concern globally. In Armenia, the proportion of RR/MDR-TB increasing among all people affected with TB. We conducted nationwide cohort study involving analysis programmatic data to investigate rates and factors associated unfavourable treatment outcomes patients registered by national TB pro...

Emergence of resistance to two most potent first line anti-TB drugs i.e. isoniazid and rifampicin (multidrug resistant TB MDR TB) is well known, but, the second line drugs used to treat MDR-TB are also showing resistance to the same strain of Mycobacteria (extensively drug resistance TB, XDR-TB). We report 3 children with partial XDR TB. Two responded to treatment while one was lost to follo...

TO THE EDITOR—Outbreaks of extremedrug resistant (XDR)–Acinetobacter baumannii have occurred in several parts of the world and are associated with increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare resource utilization [1–3]. Termination of an outbreak can be challenging in a resource-limited setting, given the lack of infection prevention infrastructure and staff [4]. Little information is availabl...

Diagnosis of Heli-cobacter infection with a new non-invasive antigen-based assay. HpSA European study group. MIGLIORI et al. [1] have written a commendable editorial about the challenges to science presented by the emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) as a named entity. We wish to clarify the origin and development of the term ''XDR-TB''. As noted by MIGLIORI et al. [1]...

This study aims to evaluate the clinical value of PCR-fluorescent probes for detecting mutation gene associated with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). The molecular species identification 900 sputum specimens was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–fluorescent probe. mutations drug resistance genes rpoB, katG, inhA, embB, rpsL, rrs, and gyrA were detected. convention...

Culture and drug susceptibility testing results of 2816 tuberculosis (TB) patients from across India who had failed repeated treatments from 2001 to 2004 were retrospectively analysed at the Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai. Of 1498 (53%) identified as having multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), 671 (44.8%) were resistant to > or =1 second-line drugs (SLDs): 490 (32.7%) to ethionamide, 245 (16...

OBJECTIVES Moxifloxacin (MXF) has been advocated for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis despite resistance to older-generation fluoroquinolones. We investigated the relationship between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MXF and mutations in the gyrA and gyrB genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province of South Afri...

Phenothiazines have their primary effects on the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Among the components of the prokaryotic plasma membrane affected are efflux pumps, their energy sources, energy providing enzymes such as ATPases, and genes that regulate and code for permeability aspects of the bacterium. The responses of multi-drug (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) Mycobac...