In current Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchain systems, miners usually form mining pools to compete with other pools/miners in the competition. Forming can give steady revenues but will introduce two critical issues. One is pool selection, where select join order maximize their revenues. The a Block WithHolding (BWH) attack, inject part of hash/mining power into obtain additional without contributin...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this article was to describe how providers in an Indian NICU reach life-or-death treatment decisions. METHODS Qualitative in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis were conducted at an Indian nonprofit private tertiary institution that provided advanced neonatal care under conditions of resource scarcity. RESULTS Compared with American and European ...

Many applications of causal analysis call for assessing, retrospectively, the effect of withholding an action that has in fact been implemented. This counterfactual quantity, sometimes called “effect of treatment on the treated,” (ETT) have been used to to evaluate educational programs, critic public policies, and justify individual decision making. In this paper we explore the conditions under...

The randomized ISAT demonstrated the superiority of endovascular treatment in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms considered suitable for either clipping or coiling. A later publication proposed a second look at the results, demonstrating that older patients with ruptured MCA aneurysms appeared to benefit from clipping, in disagreement with the general findings of the trial. Subgroup ...

Abstract Introduction Withholding uninitiated actions and cancelling ongoing ones are two main components of response inhibition, a key element the executive control. Inhibitory performance is sensitive to emotional contexts elicited by subliminal supraliminal visual material. However, whether stimuli from other sensory modalities, such as odours, would equally modulate inhibition remains uncle...

BACKGROUND Impulsivity is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In BPD, impulsive behavior primarily occurs under acute stress; impulse control deficits under non-stress conditions may be partly related to co-morbid ADHD. We aimed to investigate whether acute experimental stress has an impact on self-reported impulsivity, re...