Ice protection systems (IPS) are critical components for many aerospace flight vehicles, including commercial transports and unmanned aerial systems (UAS), and can include antiicing, de-icing, ice sensing, etc.. Here, an IPS is created using nanomaterials to create a surface-modified external layer on an aerosurface based on observations that polymer nanocomposites have tailorable and attractiv...

We apply a model for sand dunes to calculate formation of dunes on Mars under the present Martian atmospheric conditions. We find that different dune shapes as those imaged by Mars Global Surveyor could have been formed by the action of sand-moving winds occuring on today’s Mars. Our calculations show, however, that Martian dunes could be only formed due to the higher efficiency of Martian wind...

This SI Appendix is formed by three sections. Section 1 contains a brief discussion of the derivations of the dynamical model and its low-order meridional truncation. The details of boundary conditions, numerical solvers as well as a list of the parameter values are also included. The mathematical formula of the anomalous Walker circulation is shown at the end of this section. Section 2 involve...

This SI Appendix is formed by three sections. Section 1 contains a brief discussion of the derivations of the dynamical model and its low-order meridional truncation. The details of boundary conditions, numerical solvers as well as a list of the parameter values are also included. The mathematical formula of the Walker circulation is shown at the end of this section. Section 2 involves the basi...

We apply a model for sand dunes to calculate formation of dunes on Mars under the present Martian atmospheric conditions. We find that different dune shapes as those imaged by Mars Global Surveyor could have been formed by the action of sand-moving winds occurring on today's Mars. Our calculations show, however, that Martian dunes could be only formed due to the higher efficiency of Martian win...

The thermally driven wind over mountainous terrains challenges the estimation of CO2 exchange between forests and the atmosphere when using the eddy covariance technique. In this study, the wind regimes were investigated in a temperate deciduous forested valley at the Maoershan site, Northeast China. The wind direction above the canopy was preferentially up-valley in the daytime and down-valley...

BACKGROUND The often dramatic effects of urbanization on community and ecosystem properties, such as primary productivity, abundances, and diversity are now well-established. In most cities local primary productivity increases and this extra energy flows upwards to alter diversity and relative abundances in higher trophic levels. The abiotic mechanisms thought to be responsible for increases in...