No country so empowers its citizens to redress the social harms committed by others as does the United States. Compensating the injured and deterring future violations are frequently seen as complementary objectives of private suits. Our legal system further affirms its commitment to compensation and deterrence through modern joinder rules and class action procedures, not to mention contingency...

This study provides current data on key questions about retraction of scientific articles. Findings confirm that the rate of retractions remains low but is increasing. The most commonly cited reason for retraction was research error or inability to reproduce results; the rate from research misconduct is an underestimate, since some retractions necessitated by research misconduct were reported a...

This paper discusses the experiences of the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) with issues involving complainants who make allegations of research misconduct. The paper describes the legal framework for complainant issues, the various roles of the complainant as the allegation of misconduct proceeds through the steps of investigation and resolution, how allegations of retaliation against the co...

Most of the empirical research and practically all of the fieldwork conducted on gangs has been devoted to street gangs. In this paper, automated data from the Bureau of Prisons were used to evaluate the contribution of prison gang affiliation to violent and other forms of misconduct within the institution. We also examined a measure of gang embeddedness to see if, similar to the street gang re...

they receive inconclusive evidence of • research or publication misconduct by the authors there is evidence that the findings are • unreliable but the authors’ institution will not investigate the case they believe that an investigation • into alleged misconduct related to the publication either has not been, or would not be, fair and impartial or conclusive an investigation is underway but a •...

The Engineer, Land Surveyor and Geologist Registration Law (Act 367) includes under Section 4 (g) a “Code of Ethics” for engineers, land surveyors and geologists practicing in the Commonwealth. Section 4 (g) entitled, “Suspension and Revocation of Licenses; Registrations and Certificates; Reinstatements”, specifically empowers the Board to discipline any registrant guilty of misconduct in the p...

Background. Misconduct in sport science research is a detrimental practice, as it affects data reliability and decreases the validity of all research in the long run. Objectives. The objective of this narrative review is to identify the main problems of misconduct in sport science research and point out effective prevention methods. Methods. A literature search was undertaken in "Web of Scien...

Criminologists and correctional practitioners worry that prisons encourage criminal behavior among inmates, i.e., that prisons are criminogenic. The current study analyzed a subset of the experimental data collected by Berk, Ladd, Graziano, and Baek (2003) to test a new inmate classification system in California and demonstrated that this effect does not necessarily exist. There were 561 male i...