So far, meaning constitution and processing in artificial information systems has been supported either by merely rule-based local and distributed algorithmic processes, or by purely dynamic processes of self-organization. These approaches differ due the fact that the former accepts the need of representations which are viewed as sequences of symbols being manipulated by externally given aprior...

The presentation will mainly cover (1) What is HowNet? HowNet is an on-line common-sense knowledgebase unveiling inter-conceptual relationships and interattribute relationships of concepts as connoting in lexicons of the Chinese and their English equivalents. (2) How it functions in the computation of meaning and as a NLP platform? The presentation will show 9 HowNet-based application tools. Al...

At the heart of intuitionistic type theory lies an intuitive semantics called the “meaning explanations”; crucially, when meaning explanations are taken as definitive for type theory, the core notion is no longer “proof” but “verification”. We’ll explore how type theories of this sort arise naturally as enrichments of logical theories with further judgements, and contrast this with modern proof...

Dyspareunia, ie coital pain, is a sexual dysfunction with a multifactorial and multisystemic etiology. Predisposing, precipitating and maintaining factors, biological (muscular, endocrine, immunitary, neurologic, vascular, iatrogenic) and psychosexual, may variably interact in the individual woman. The natural history of dyspareunia is basic to understand the current controversy on its “real” n...

In this paper, we present an algorithm that provides natural language (NL) paraphrases for OWL Ontologies on the Semantic Web. Our goal is to ensure both fluency (readability) and accuracy of the output, in terms of preserving the meaning conveyed by its description logic formalism. The approach described is a generic domain-independent one, and is completely automated. We describe details abou...

Jaspers' thinking is motivated by transcending reason, radical time-consciousness, and the phenomenon of spiritual creativity and value-directedness. The fundamental question of truth for time-bound man is at the core of Jaspers' thinking, which he takes up with respect to mankind's age-old experience with the tradition of philosophical, religious, and literary thought. His works attain signifi...

The discussion of "error" has gained momentum in forensic science in the wake of the Daubert guidelines and has intensified with the National Academy of Sciences' Report. Error has many different meanings, and too often, forensic practitioners themselves as well as the courts misunderstand scientific error and statistical error rates, often confusing them with practitioner error (or mistakes). ...

any language foremost is composed of words and words are one of the most important elements in conveying meaning and they have different diversities and levels in conveying this meaning. quranic words are not the exception; therefore, to discover and to understand the different levels of conveying meaning (exterior and inner) by words, the quran reader can be more aware of the meaning and the p...