A t e r t h e c o m i n g o f P r o p h e t Muhammad, the Arabian tribes, in a great burst of expansionist energy, swept over Western Asia and North Africa. They disrupted, but did not destroy the Eastern Roman Empire, which had survived the barbarian onslaughts that had wiped out the empire in the West. The Eastern Empire, particularly after the Arabian conquests, came to be known as Byzantine...

Ahmed Saadawi’s third and last novel Frankenstein in Baghdad was originally published in Arabic in 2013 and has since been translated into several languages, including an English translation by Jonathan Wright in 2018. The novel, which won the 2014 International Prize for Arabic Fiction, is a heart-rending story of a country blighted by an unending cycle of war, violence, and misery. Saadawi’s ...

leech therapy was popular for many centuries. while many research studies have supported the medical use of hirudo medicinalis, other species have not received that much attention. due to the large demand and lack of supply, more research is needed to justify the medical use of other species. ibn al quffprovided general guidelines on differentiating between the beneficial and toxic types of lee...

the sciences of syntax, reading, and interpretation are among the literary arts that are made by clerics for understanding the word of god (kalāmollāh) from various viewpoints, and from which a collection of 30 scientific disciplines called quranic literature developed. at the top of these sciences is “using diacritical marks in quran” which is extremely important. in this area, many noted scho...

a majority of books and writing translated from persian literature include persian proverbs among which wisdom and advice are of high importance. these books, as we know, are translated pieces of advice and wisdom from persian and are known as “books of advice”. this paper aims at showing that these books are among the basic principles of persian literature.  having studied historical and liter...

the wine poetry is a conscious art which consists of the material and the meaning for the arabs. the famous arabian poets were: al-aktal, abu nowas, ibn el foriz. the wine poetry was an independent section in the persion poetry. the persions poets took that from the arabic poetry and described it as a material and as a meaning. they created many different methods to present it. rodaki, manochah...