We document the hygroscopic swelling and shrinkage of the central and the thickest secondary cell wall layer of wood (named S2) in response to changes in environmental humidity using synchrotron radiation-based phase contrast X-ray tomographic nanoscopy. The S2 layer is a natural fibre-reinforced nano-composite polymer and is strongly reactive to water. Using focused ion beam, micropillars with...

medium density fiberboard (mdf) was produced using moist depithed bagasse stored dry or wet. the duration of storage for either method varied between 0 to 4 months. two steaming temperatures of 175c and 185c were also used. mdf boards were produced in the laboratory and the common mechanical and physical properties were measured and compared. results showed that an increased steaming temperat...

After initial treatment for breast cancer, lymphedema often affects the trunk as well as the arm. Evaluation of truncal swelling by the clinical "pinch test" of the posterior axillary fold is unreliable. Our aim was to develop an objective measurement, using modified Harpenden skinfold calipers. Standard Harpenden skinfold calipers exert a pressure of 12.6 g.mm-2, which rapidly squeezes edema f...

in this study, rice husk and sodium silicate solution were used to produce particleboards. sodium silicate was used as bonding aid by 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 and zero percent (based on rice husk dry weight). to modify the mechanism of bondability, one percent of 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mdi) was added for every five percent less sodium silicate solution. the effect of diisocyanate on bondab...

The objective of this study was to manufacture particleboard made from UF with low formaldehyde (E1) for use in indoor environments. The influence of UF in particles on the formaldehyde emission and its mechanical properties were investigated. The experimental results showed that the formaldehyde emission released decreased linearly with consumption UF-low formaldehyde- particle. Formaldehyde e...

application of cellulosic fibers and minerals of deinked waste paper sludge has a great impression on utilization and characteristics of final product. this study was designed to produce use gypsum-fiber board from the dip sludge. the gypsum: sludge ratio was considered as 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40. two types of gypsum boards were prepared with fixed 12 mm thickness and cold pressing...

The target of this study was to investigate the possibility of MDF productionfrom Eucalyptus camaldulensis wood. MDF fibers were produced applying threelevels of steaming time. Laboratory MDF boards were produced using thegenerated fibers and different pressing temperature and time. Physical andmechanical properties of MDF panels were measured using relevant EU testmethods and were statisticall...

Corneal thickness changes were measured on human subjects who wore gel lenses that varied in center thickness. Using these measurements and the results of an earlier study in which changes in corneal thickness were monitored on human corneas exposed to oxygen tensions below that in air, we showed that the oxygen tension under most contact lenses varies from 0 to 25 mm Hg which produces a corres...

The corneal thickness was measured by pachometry and the corneal endothelium was photographed by specular microscopy in 81 insulin-dependent juvenile diabetic outpatients. The corneal thickness of a normal group, diabetics without and with proliferative retinopathy was (mean +/- SD): 0.527 +/- 0.028, 0.544 +/- 0.028, and 0.566 +/- 0.027 mm, respectively (2p less than 0.01). As revealed in the s...

One of the problems associated with photopolymers as optical recording media is the thickness variation during the recording process. Different values of shrinkages or swelling are reported in the literature for photopolymers. Furthermore, these variations depend on the spatial frequencies of the gratings stored in the materials. Thickness variations can be measured using different methods: stu...